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CS Psychology
Psychology flash cards
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| disciplines from which psychology originates | Psychology was born of the schools of philosophy and physiology to become its own independent discipline using a scientific approach to studying the mind, mental awareness, and sensation. |
| where, when, and by whom was the first psych laboratory established | Psychology was born in 1879 after being heavily promoted by Wilhelm Wundt who established the first psych lab at the University of Leipzig (Germany). |
| introspection | Introspection is the careful, systematic, self-observation, of one’s own conscious experience. |
| structuralism | Structuralism-analyze consciousness into its basic elements and investigate how these elements are related. |
| functionalism | Functionalism-investigate the function or purpose of consciousness (why do we think/behave/react in specific manners) William James |
| cognition | Cognition-mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge. (thinking or conscious experience) |
| psychology | Science that studies behavior and the physiological and cognitive processes that underlie behavior. |
| steps of scientific method | The scientific investigation process (scientific method) includes: 1) formulate a hypothesis, 2) design the study(proposal for experiment) 3)collect the data 4)analyze the data 5) report the findings. |
| experimental research method | The experimental research method detects cause-effect relationships by manipulating variables. |
| descriptive/correlational research method | The descriptive/correlational research method observes whether there is a link between variables of interest because the researcher doesn’t have the control to manipulate the variables. |
| independent variable | (experimenter manipulates/varies this input) |
| dependent variable | (variable thought to be affected by the manipulation) |
| extraneous variable | It’s advantage is that it’s a strong indicator of cause-effect relationships. It’s disadvantages are limitations with controls and realistically can’t be applied to explore every type of research question. |
| experimental group | Often uses an experimental (group receiving treatment) |
| control group | and control group (group receiving no treatment) |
| statistics | Statistics is the use of math to organize, summarize, and interpret numerical data. |
| mean | mean (average) |
| median | median (middle of the scores) |
| mode | mode (number that appears most frequently). |
| central tendency types | We often graph data collected. There are 3 measures of central tendency: mean (average), median (middle of the scores), mode (number that appears most frequently). |
| hypothesis | A hypothesis is a educated guess |
| correlation coefficient | A correlation coefficient is the numerical index of the degree of relation between two variables (strength of the relationship-the higher the correlation the more likely the variables relate to each other). |
| positive correlation | strength of the relationship-the higher the correlation the more likely the variables relate to each other). |
| negative correlation | The lower the correlation the more likely the variables do not relate to each other. |
| standard deviation | The standard deviation is the index of the amount of variability in the data (is the data scattered/varying). |
| ethical guidelines (include all 6) | Ethics-is the cost of the collection worth the payoff? A subject’s participation should be voluntary and with informed consent. Harmful, dangerous procedures are prohibited. Any necessary deception must be disclosed to participants after the study. Do not |
| sample | a small part or quantity intended to show what the whole is like. |
| bias | prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair. |
| Ethical guidelines (cont) | Do not violate a subject’s right to privacy. Harm to animals must be justified. Approval should be obtained from host institutions prior and results should be reported after. |
| case study | is an in-depth investigation of an individual or a small group. |
| longitudinal study | researcher select a group of participants and then observe those participants over a period of time, often years or even decades. |
| cross-sectional method | instead of following a set of individuals over a number of years, researchers select a sample that includes people of different ages. |
| replicated | The study must be repeated- and it must produce the same results as before |
| placebo | is a substance or treatment that has no effect apart from a person's belief in it. |
| Skinner box | Skinner created special enclosed environments, which became known as skinner boxes, to study the behavior of animals such as rats. |
Created by:
christopher shaddock
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