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Bio Psych- Exam 1
Chapters 1, 2 & Research Methods
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Definition of Biological Psychology | scientific study of the biology of behavior (focuses mostly on the brain) |
| Biological Psychology is related to | Neuroscience- scientific study of the nervous system Psychology- study of behavior |
| Egyptians, the Bible, and Aristotle | all placed more importance on the heart than on the brain |
| Galen | discovered that treating injuries of gladiators somehow relate to the brain and behavior |
| Decartes | proposed dualism about the brain the brain had material and immaterial parts (soul) |
| Gall, Spurzheim | Phrenology |
| Phrenology | each area of the cortex has a specific function. Bumps on the skull reflect enlargements of brain regions responsible for behavioral faculties (lead to concept of localization) |
| Flourens | Aggregate field theory- wanted to know if Gall and Spurzheim were right. Decided that mental functions are not localized |
| Broca & Wernicke | cellular connectionism theory- basic mental functions are localized complex mental functions are interactions among areas. worked with brain damaged patients |
| Present View of Biopsychology | Both simple and complex acts use many brain regions. Some functions are localized, others are not. |
| Neuroplasticity | the ability of the nervous system to change in response to experience or the environment |
| Adult Neurogenesis | the creation of new neurons in the brain of the adult |
| Social Neuroscience | relationship between the brain and social behavior |
| Evolutionary Psychology | effects of natural selection |
| Epigenetics | factors that affect gene expression |
| Neuroeconomics | brain mechanisms functioning during economic decisions |
| Consciousness | Awareness of ourselves, inner experiences |
| Systematic Description of Behavior | describes behavior in terms of detailed acts or processes, or in terms or functions |
| The evolution of brain and behavior | evaluating similarities among species due to shared ancestry, and looking for specie-specific differences in behavior and biology that have evolved as adaptations to different environments |
| Lifespan Development of brain and behavior | Ontogeny- the process by which an individual changes in the course of its lifetime |
| Somatic Intervention | (soma=body) manipulating the body and measuring behavior |
| Behavioral Intervention | manipulating someone's experience of environment and measuring physiology |
| Correlation | covariance of behavioral and physiological measures |
| Experiment | manipulating variables to observe an outcome |
| Quasi-Experiments | have not randomly assigned people to 2 groups - looks at preexisting differences |
| Correlational Study | measuring variables and data to identify a relationship |
| Case Studies | Researching the background of one or two individuals at a time |
| Pure "basic science" | motivated by researcher's curiosity |
| Applied "translational research" | attempts to solve a human problem |
| Converging Operations | taking information from all different areas of research to help see a bigger picture |
| Animal Rights | animals have rights that are equivalent to humans there should be no use of animal research ever |
| Animal Welfare | using animals in research is okay as long as the goals are meaningful and discomfort is minimized |
| Animal Welfare Act | federal laws mandating what you are allowed to do with animals |
| Watson | (gulls, chicks, dogs) behavior modification principles; treatment of phobias |
| Seligman | (dogs, rats) Model of depression (learned helplessness) optimism, importance of prediction and control |
| Griffin | (bats) Sonar tecniques |
| Garcia | (rats) protection from chemotherapy- taste aversion |
| Advantages to Human Subjects | human brain verbal ability cheaper |
| Advantages to Non-Human Subjects | environmental control simple nervous systems ethical reasons |
| Levels of Analysis | organ brain region cells molecules |
| Central Nervous System CNS | includes brain and spinal cord |
| Peripheral Nervous System PNS | includes all nerves and neurons outside the brain and spinal cord |
| Cranial Nerves | connected directly to the brain |
| Spinal Nerves | connected directly to the spinal cord |
| Motor Nerves | transmit information from the CNS to muscles and glands |
| Autonomic Nervous System | connect to internal organs - supplies neural connections to glands and smooth muscles or organs |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | arises from the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord - prepares body for immediate action (stress response) |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | arises from brain and sacral parts of the spinal cord - prepares body for rest and digest (calming response) |
| Neuron | basic unit of the nervous system |
| Input Zone | dendrites & cell body |
| Input Zone | receive information from other neurons |
| Integration Zone | Axon Hillock |
| Integration Zone | combines information that has been received to determine whether to send a signal of its own |
| Conduction Zone | Axon |
| Conduction Zone | conducts the cell's output information in the form of electrical impulses |
| Output Zone | Terminal Buttons |
| Output Zone | transmits the cell's signals across synapses to other cells |
| Multipolar Neurons | have many dendrites and a single axon - multiple branches coming off the cell body most common |
| Bipolar Neurons | only two processes coming off of the cell body one dendrite and one axon especially common in sensory system |
| Unipolar Neurons | a single extension (axon) branches into two different directions after leaving the cell body transmit touch information from the body into the spinal cord |
| Synapse | the cellular location at which information is transmitted from a neuron to another cell |
| Presynaptic Neuron | sending information |
| Postsynaptic Neuron | receiving infomation |
| Presynaptic Membrane | the specialized membrane on the axon terminal of the nerve cell that transmits information by releasing a neurotransmitter (terminal button) |
| Postsynaptic Membrane | specialized membrane on the surface of a nerve cell that receives information by responding to neurotransmitters from a presynaptic neuron (dendrite) |
| Synaptic Cleft | the space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons at the synapse (neurotransmitters must travel across this space) |
| Glial Cells | non-neuronal brain cells that provide structural, nutritional, and other types of support to the brain and CNS |
| Astrocyte | largest glial cells participate in the blood-brain barrier; around the blood vessels in the brain |
| Microglial Cells | smallest glial cells that remove cellular debris from injured or dead neurons; used to assess brain damage |
| Oligodendrocyte Cells | a type o glial cells that forms myelin for axons in the CNS. Provides many myelin chunks for multiple axons. |
| Satellite Cells | non-neuronal brain cells that provide structural, nutritional and other types of support to the PNS |
| Schwann Cell | a type of glial cell that forms myelin in the PNS helps guide axon regeneration provides one myelin chunk for one axon |
| Saggital Plane | bisects body into right and left halves |
| Coronal Plane | divides body into front and back planes |
| Horizontal Plane | divides brain into upper lower parts |
| medial | towards the middle |
| lateral | towards the side |
| ipsilateral | on the same side of the body |
| contralateral | on the opposite side of the body |
| superior | above |
| inferior | below |
| anterior | head end |
| posterior | tail end |
| proximal | near the center |
| distal | toward the end of a limb |
| afferent | carries info into a region |
| efferent | carries info away from a region |
| dorsal | toward the back |
| ventral | toward the body |
| Myelencephalon | Medulla Oblongata |
| Medulla Oblongata | comprised of tracts (bundles of axons) marks the transition from the brain to the spinal cord conveys all of the major motor and sensory fibers to and from the body drive essential processes like respiration and heart rate |
| Metencephalon | Pons Cerebellum |
| Pons | "bridge" motor control and sensory nuclei sleep & walking- control of REM sleep point of origin for several cranial nerves |
| Cerebellum | crucial for motor coordination and control- sensorimotor control certain aspects of cognition (learning motor functions) |
| Myelencephalon & Metencephlon | hindbrain |
| Mesencephalon | midbrain |
| tectum | superior colliculus inferior colliculus |
| superior colliculus | sight |
| inferior colliculus | hearing |
| tegmentum | substanita nigra reticular formation |
| substantia nigra | innervates the basal ganglia and is the source of dopaminergic projections deteriorates in Parkinson's disease |
| reticular formation | continues through pons to medulla involved in sleep and arousal |
| Diencephalon & Telencephalon | forebrain |
| Thalamus | dircts all incoming sensory information to the appropriate regions of the cortex for further processing, and receiving instructions back from the cortex to control with sensory information relay station |
| Hypothalamus | motivated behaviors hunger, thirst, temperature regulation, sex controls pituitary gland |
| forebrain | responsible for complex cognitive functions |
| Cerebral Cortex | outer brain tissue |
| sulci | indentations/crevice portion of a convoluted brain surface (valleys) |
| Central Sulcus | separates frontal & parietal lobes |
| Sylvian Sulcus | deeper sulcus separates frontal & parietal lobes from the temporal lobe |
| Gyri | bumps/raised portion of a convoluted brain surface (hills) |
| Precentral Gyrus | motor |
| Postcentral Gyrus | somatosensory |
| Superior Temporal Gyrus | auditory processing next to Sylvian fissure |
| pyramidal cell | large multipolar neurons with pyramid-shaped cell bodies communication between cortex and other deeper brain regions |
| stellate cell | small star-shaped neurons that have shorter axons and dendrites communication within the cortex |
| cortical column | one of the vertical columns the constitute the basic organization of the cerebral cortex |
| Basal Ganglia | group of forbrain nuclei found deep in the cerebral hemisphere share information and work together to produce voluntary motor responses |
| Basal Ganglia | caudate nucleus putamen globus pallidus |
| Limbic System | wide spread group of brain nuclei that innervate each other to from a network regulate motivated behaviors, emotions, learning |
| Limbic System | amygdala hippocampus & fornix cingulate gyrus olfactory bulb |
| Bone | skull and spinal column |
| Meninges | protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord |
| Dura Matter | outermost - closest to skull leathery |
| Arachnoid | thin covering between dura and pia matter |
| Subarachnoid space | contains a lot of CSF |
| Pia Matter | inner most - closest to brain follows the gyri and sulci of the brain |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid CSF | supports and cuhions the brain fills cerebral ventricles |
| choroid plexus | membrane that lines lateral ventricles manufactures CSF |
| central canal | small channel that runs through the spinal cord |
| Staining | used to identify structures |
| Golgi Stain | stains the entire neuron only a few neurons on each slide pick up the stain |
| Nissl Stain | most commonly used stain in bio psych stains ribsomes shows where cell bodies are in neurons can help show where there is damage |
| Myelin Stain | stains myelin shows where axons are located |
| stains | help distinguish where cells are located an overall structure they do not give info concerning function of neurotransmitters |
| antigen | foreign substance |
| antibody | develops in response to specific antigen binds to antigen and tries to inactivated it |
| in situ hybridization | radioactively label RNA or DNA identify neurons in which a gene of interest has been turned on |
| Immediate Early Gene IEG | gene activation - visualizing areas of the brain which are active |
| Anterograde Tracing | the direction in which information normally flows - forward tracing |
| Retrograde Tracing | tracing in the opposite direction that information normally flows - backwards tracing |
| EEG | examines activity of the cortex records activity from the surface of the brain |
| CAT/CT | xray of brain taken at multiple levels and analyzed by a computer structural information |
| MRI | magnets are making small changes in the brain structural information |
| PET | inject radioactive glucose taken up by active neurons functional info |
| FMRI | "golden standard" gives both structural and functional information measures changes in oxygen flow best resolution & speed of processing |
| MEG | measuring changes in magnetic fields functional information integrated with structural information |
| Stereotaxic Atlas | maps areas of the brain |
| Bregma | site on skull where coronal & sagittal sutures meet |
| Brain lesions | inactivating neurons |
| aspiration | relatively uncommon; sucking off cells (tiny vacuum) used with large regions |
| Radio frequency/electrolytic | more common passing high frequency electrical currents through the brain - kills tissue better precision, but substantial damage |
| Knife Cuts | used to sever axons in the brain not common |
| neurotoxin | infuse chemical into brain region very specific but can be expensive |
| Cryogenic Blockade | reversible damage freezing or cooling neurons chilling tissue to a certain temp to stop them from functioning downfall: large apparatus |
| Lidocaine | local anesthetic numbing neurons and prevents activity reversible damage |
| Stimulation | artificial activation |
| radio frequency/electrolytic | a small amount of electrical current will activate neurons |
| drugs | able to activate brain regions |
| Intracellular Recording | measures activity inside a single neuron difficult to perform when animals are active used to understand structural and chemical information of the neuron |
| Extracellular Recording | measures activity outside a single neuron able to perform while an animal is awake and behaving |
| Multiple Unit Recording | more common- measuring activity of hundreds of neurons at once bigger picture of brain structure |
| EEG | activity of thousands of neurons in the cortex |
| Cannula | tube for drug inserted into region of the brain |
| Microdialysis | neurotransmitter levels over different points in time (removes chemicals from the brain and measures them) |
Created by:
paulemil
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