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MedSx CA & DM
notes to study for quiz
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cancer | malignant tumor |
| oncology | study of cancer |
| neoplasm | tumor-new growth that serves no purpose-uncontrollable & progressive |
| benign | growth is slow & incapsulated |
| malignant | fast growing & spreads-competes for space & blood supply |
| carcinoma | solid tumor, made up in or of epithelial cells, it is most common type of cancer (breast, colon, liver, lung, stomach, prostate) |
| sarcoma | made from supportive & connective tissue-can be in bone, fat, mm or cartilage |
| leukemia | blood-forming tissues w/in bone marrow. can be acute or chronic- large # of abnormal WBC that infiltrate bone marrow- can spread out to other areas-crowds out normal cells |
| lymphoma | hodgkins or non-hodgkins- cancer of lymphatic system. (non-hodgkins more common) |
| risk factors/carcinogens for cancer dev | age, genetics, diet, virus, chemicals, UV, radiation, alcohol abuse, smoking, some hormones, certain medications, previous cancer, lower income, occupational hazards, stress, precancerous lesions |
| heredity + carcinogen = | DNA mutation |
| DNA mutation leads to | tissue change + immune dysfunction |
| hyperplasia | excessive growth |
| dysplasia | abnormal growth |
| anaplasia | loss of differenciation between tumor cells and normal cells |
| cancer progression | local -> invasive -> metastatic |
| local | have not yet spread from site of original tumor |
| invasive | spreads to other sites in same region of the body |
| metastatic | 2nd tumor in another area not close to 1st one |
| most common sites of metastasis | pulmonary, hepatic, CNS, skeletal |
| common sites of skeletal metastasis | skull, pelvis, ribs, spine, proximal femur, proximal humerus |
| skeletal metastasis complications | bone pain, pathological fx, spinal cord injury (SCI) |
| clinical manifestations systemic | no appetite, rapid wt loss, fatigue, weakness, hemorrhage, vomiting |
| clinical manifestations pain | usually have pn but not always |
| clinical manifestations organ specific | example: if lungs- having breathing problems |
| methods to dx cancer | Hx & PE, biopsy, tumor markers |
| grading | degress of anaplasia, grade 1 is better than grade 4 |
| TNM | staging-how they classify tumors-T= size & extent of primary tumor- N=# of notdes- M=metastasis |
| prognosis | depends on type of cancer, when it's diagnosed, if you have 5 years of remission |
| prevention of CA | identify risk factors and avoid them, pt edu, regular screenings |
| CA sx | almost always done (remove tumor & bone marrow transplants) |
| radiation therapy | done by x-ray machine or they will insert radio-isotope like IV |
| chemotherapy | immuno-suppressant- decreased WBC count-most effective on metastatic cancer-can be done orally or by injection |
| biotherapy | strengthen immune response-uses interferon (protein) to kill cancer cells |
| hormones | different types-a lot of rx therapies will affect hormones |
| side effects | nausea & vomiting, fatigue, immunosuppression, anemia, may decrease level of H&H in RBC, hair loss, burns |
| curative vs palliative | sometimes we try to cure, sometimes just try to make pt more comfortable |
| PT contra/precautions | -modalites (some can't be done w/CA)- WBC count below 5000 or RBC below 25% places limits on activity |
| rx options | strength & endurance, keep normal function as long as possible, energy conservation, work simplification, use RPE scale, function, fall prevention, adapting environment, maybe recommend AD & fit, caregiver training, positioning, bed mob & trnsf, pn manage |
| insulin | produced by beta cells in Islets of Langerhans, which is in pancreas. moves glucose from blood to cells or to liver |
| type I DM | insulin dependent, no insulin production, onset under 30 yrs, less than 10% of cases, abrupt onset, normal thin body type, ketoacidosis may occur |
| type II DM | non-insulin dependent, caused by increased resistance to insulin, onset over 40 yrs, more than 90% of cases, gradual onset, obese body type, ketoacidosis rare |
| risk factors DM | heredity, family hx, ethnicity, old age, gestational DM, obesity & inactivy, hypertension, HDL's less than 35 or triglyceride over 250, hx of vascular disease |
| cardinal signs of DM | glucouria (glycosuria-glucose in urine), polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (extreme thirst), polyphagia (extreme hunger), ketouria (ketones in urine), weakness, fatigue |
| clinical manifestations of DM-vascular-small vessel dx | retinopathy, kidney dx |
| clinical manifestations of DM-vascular-large vessel dx | CAD, MI, CVA, PVD (heart attack main cause of death) |
| clinical manifestations of DM-impaired healing | increased risk for infections: skin, UTI, vaginal |
| clinical manifestations of DM- musculoskeletal | multiple problems, osteoporosis, we rx with light resistance and wt bearing, not too heavy a load and careful stretching |
| clinical manifestations of DM- neuropathy | symptoms move distal to proximal, SENSORY- cutaneous, proprioception, increase injury, rocker bottom foot. MOTOR-weakness, claw toes, flat foot. AUTONOMIC-no sweating |
| DM diagnosed... | by blood sugar levels- HYPO-less than 70- HYPER- more than 250 |
| clinical signs of hyperglycemia | dehydration, ketoacidosis, thirst, abdominal pn, N&V, lethargy, LOC, coma, fruity breath, dry mouth, skin |
| clinical signs of hypoglycemia | faint, shaky, sweating, speech disturbance, double vision, cloudy, LOC, coma, HA |
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jessigirrl4
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