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O Exam 1
Goni, mmt, posture, biomechanics, tissue heal, stretch
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the purpose of goni & mmt? | communicate with other health professionals & document progress |
| goniometry is... | the measuring of angles of joints |
| most common source used in goni | norkin & white |
| what is more precise... goni or incliometer? | goni |
| stationary arm | proximal arm |
| moving arm | distal arm |
| fulcrum | joint |
| factors that determine ROM | age, gender, BMI, recreation, genetics |
| reliability- | to what extent is the measurement accurate when different examiners perform the measurement (intertester) or when the same examiner repeats the test (intratester) |
| factors that affect reliability and validity | same tester, same position, same device, same technique, repeated 3x |
| alternate methods to mmt | isokinetic equip & dynameters |
| mmt stabilization can be accomplished by: | mm tension of subject, gravity, external pressure of examiner, positioning |
| screening quick tests to conserve the examiners time and prevent pt fatigue | check both sides at the same time, give resistance in test position first, do all tests in on position 1st before changing- so be organized and plan test |
| mm performance | quality of how mm works-encompasses strength, power and endurance |
| neuromuscular control | ability to control mm |
| Wolfe's law states | that bone is laid down according to stress |
| muscular disuse leads to atrophy... | fewer mitochondria, decrease in myofibrils present in the cells |
| pt management model to provide ex management | examination, evaluation, diagnosis, prognosis, interventions |
| intervention by the PTA | review POC:coordination, communication & documentation, procedural intervention, patient-related instruction, monitoring, progression |
| functional outcomes must be: | meaningful, practical, sustainable (pt satisfaction important) |
| discharge: | anticipated goals and expected outcomes have been attained |
| discontinuation: | ending of services before goals met, due to pt decision to stop, change in medical stat, or need for further service not justified to payer |
| motor learning | cognitive (figure it out), associative (refining the mvmt), autonomous (mvmt automatic) |
| blocked | same task, same conditions, same order |
| random | slight variations in an unpredictable order, variations change with each rep |
| random-blocked | variations of the same task in random order, but each variation is performed more than once |
| function excursion | difference between max length & max shortening |
| active insufficiency | when mm is max shortened, it can't generate much power (1 or 2 jt mm) |
| passive insufficiency | when mm is fully elongated (only 2 jt mm) |
| ROM for acute state of healing | PROM & AAROM |
| ROM for subacute state of healing | AAROM & AROM (3-10 days) |
| ROM for chronic state of healing | stretching & RROM |
| precautions to ROM | when motion disrupts healing, other health issues are life threatening (after trauma or surgery) |
| longer mm generally have ____ force potential than short mm | less |
| very tight mm have ____ force potential | reduced |
| posture-lateral view: | ear, shd, slightly post to hip (thru greater trochanter), ant to knee jt, ant to lat malleolus, normal pelvic tilt |
| posture-posterior view: | look for lateral curve (scoliosis), shd height symmetry, scap inferior angle symmetry, trochanter height symmetry, crest height syymetry, PSIS asymmetry, genu valgum/varum, calcaneal valgum (line of Achilles) |
| posture-anterior view: | shd height & rotation, nipple line, ASIS, iliac crest height, patellas (height & rotation), hands (palms to back means pec tightness) |
| stability in standing posture is created by: | mm and ligaments |
| stability at the ankle is created by: | soleus mm |
| stability at the knee is created by: | knee ligaments, gastrocnemius & hamstrings |
| stability at the hip is created by: | no mm stability needed if hip is in alignment |
| stability in the spine is created by: | abdominal & erector spinae (superficial), deep mm (segmental) & posterior longitudinal ligament |
| normal COG is: | anterior to S2 |
| superficial mm stabilizing spine | rectus abdominus, inter & external obliques, erector spinae, scales, levator-main function to respond to external loading (stressed w/bad posture) |
| deep mm stabilizing spine | transverse abdominus, multifidis, rotatores, rectus capitus, longus coli- main function is reflexive segmental control to maintain upright stability balance & posture (not much stress) |
| trapezius & semispinalis capitus keep head... | from falling fwd |
| scalene & levator: | stabilize vertebrae |
| become weak & stretched w/FHP | supra & infra hyoids- also balance during chewing |
| lordotic posture | increased LS angle more than 30 degrees, ant pelvic tilt w/tight hip flexors, compression of post facet jts, narrow IV foramen & post disc space (will pinch nerve), stretched & weak transvers abdominus & other abdominals, tight erector spinae & post lig |
| flat low back posture | decreased LS angle, ASIS almost level with PSIS, post pelvic tilt, reduced shock absorption due to loss of curve, stretched/weak erector spinae, stretched post lig, tight hamstrings, 90% of back pn pt, disc probs |
| increased thoracic kyphosis | stretched/weak thoracic ext, often occurs w/FHP, occurs w/fwd-internally rotated shd, stretched/weak rhomboid & middle/lower traps, stretched posterior ligaments of thoracic spine |
| fwd head | increased cervical lordosis, tight cervical ext & post lig, tight pecs & scalenes, increased stress on C-4 thru C-6 facet jts & discs, tight upper trap, stretched cervical flexors, post facet jt compression, narrow IV foramen |
| flat upper back & neck posture | stretched post cv ext & post cv lig, tight cv flexors, loss of curve so increased jt stress, more common in ectomorphs |
| genu recurvatum | back knee |
| genu varum | bow leg |
| genu valgum | knock knees |
| pes cavus | high arch in foot |
| pes planus | flat foot |
| CT such as ligaments & tendons: | made of elastin, can elongate 70% w/o disruption |
| collagen | more abundant than elastin & many different types (12-19), designed for stability and strength |
| ground substance | jello- gel like substance that provides support and is related to cellular exchanges of gasses & water |
| fibroblasts are: | the unique cells that form the collagen threads |
| cartilage important to PT: | hyaline & fibrocartilage |
| cell in matrix of cartilage... | chondrocyte |
| ligaments are considered: | hypovascular, do have microvascularity, take longer to heal |
| type I collagen: | very strong in mature scars |
| type II collagen: | more elastic in immature scars |
| strains | happen to mm |
| sprains | happen to ligament |
| grade I | microscopic tearing w/no joint laxity, heal spontaneously pretty well w/o PT |
| grade II | tearing of some fibers with moderate joint laxity, pt will say doesn't feel normal |
| grade III | complete rupture of the ligament w/profound instability and laxity-surgical treatment-almost always other damage as well |
| ACL treatment leans toward | surgery |
| MCL treatment leans toward | nonsurgical |
| articular cartilage is | avascular |
| fibrocartilage found in | synovial joints of shd, hip, knee |
Created by:
jessigirrl4
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