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Motivation + Emotion
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Motivation | a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior |
| Instinct | a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned |
| Drive-Reduction Theory | the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need |
| Homeostasis | a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level |
| Incentive | a positive or negative environment stimulus that motivates behavior |
| Hierarchy of Needs | Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active |
| Glucose | the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues; when its level is low, we feel hunger |
| Set Point | the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set; when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight |
| Basal Metabolic Rate | the body's resting rate of energy expenditure (calories burned) |
| Anorexia Nervosa | an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet. still feeling fat, continues to starve |
| Bulimia Nervosa | an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise |
| Sexual Response Cycle | the four stages of sexual responding describes by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution |
| Refractory Period | a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm |
| Estrogen | sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics; in nonhuman female mammals, estrogen leve;s peak during ovulation, promoting |
| Testosterone | the most important of the male sex hormones; both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty |
| Sexual Orientation | an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual) or the other sex (heterosexual) |
| Industrial-Organizational Psychology | A branch of psychology that studies behavior in the workplace and the marketplace.Their main goals are to enhance the workplace, making it a better environment in which to work and to be more productive. |
| Achievement Motivation | David McClellan - an individual's need to meet realistic goals, receive feedback and experience a sense of accomplishment. They feel satisfied with their jobs because goals are set, they are given positive or negative feedback on past behaviors. |
| Task Leadership | is goal-directed or goal-oriented type of leadership. This type of leadership is good when you need to stay focused on goals and move as a unit toward common objectives. |
| Social Leadership | people with social leadership skills are good at getting members of the team excited about their task, increasing energy, inspiring team spirit, and reducing conflict. Often being a democratic type of leadership, social leaders produce high performance. |
| Emotion | it is a response by a whole organism, involving (1) physical arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience. |
| James-Lange Theory | suggests emotions are a consequence of our physiological responses to external stimuli followed by identification of the emotion by examining the physical responses. "I am trembling, therefore I am afraid." |
| Cannon-Bard Theory | this theory of emotion states that an emotion is produced when some stimulus triggers the thalamus to send information simultaneously to the brain (specifically, the cerebral cortex) and the autonomic system (including the skeletal muscles). |
| Two-Factor Theory | Some form of arousal occurs (e.g., increased heart rate, perspiration, etc.), you then put some label on this arousal, and then experience the emotion. |
| Polygraph | often called a “lie detector,” is a machine that measures human responses to questions. It measures heart rate, perspiration, and nervous system arousal to see if the subject of the polygraph is being truthful. |
| Catharsis | the catharsis hypothesis maintains that aggressive or sexual urges are relieved by "releasing" aggressive or sexual energy, usually through action or fantasy. |
| Feel-good, Do-good phenomenon | According to this theory, you are more likely to help other people when you are already in a good mood. |
| Subjective Well-being | refers to a person's own assessment of their happiness and satisfaction with life. |
| Adaptation-level phenomenon | the tendency people have to quickly adapt to a new situation, until that situation becomes the norm. It constantly raises the level for what is new or exciting as each new thing become the norm. |
| Relative Deprivation | when you have the perception that you are worse off than these other people you compare yourself to. Having this feeling typically leads to frustration. |
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dashakuznetsova
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