Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Emotion Ch. 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mood modification | Drug or activity increases pleasure (euphoria) or relieves negative feelings (dysphoria). |
| Salience: | Drug or activity is felt as craving and dominates a person’s thinking, feelings, and behavior |
| Tolerance | The individual requires increasing amounts of the drug or behavior in order to achieve the same mood-modifications effects as earlier |
| Withdrawal: | Abstaining from the drug or behavior produces unpleasant feelings or unpleasant physical symptom; negative withdrawal symptoms. |
| Compulsive use: | Person continues drug use or activity despite knowledge of negative consequences from family, job, social life, health, finances and legal. |
| Relapse | After abstinence from drug use or activities, the person can easily return to earlier patterns of drug use or addictive behaviors. |
| Addictive behaviors | Compulsive behaviors that provide short-term pleasure at the expense of negative long-term consequences. |
| Psychoactive drugs | Chemicals that affect mental processes and behavior by their effects on the nervous system (alter mood & behavior) Hallucinogens,Opiates, depressants,Stimulants |
| Hallucinogens | Alter perceptions of the external environment and inner awareness(also called psychedelics) Ecstasy, LSD, Mescaline |
| Cannabis & Marijuana | Tetrahydrocannibol (THC) from hemp (cannabis) plants is the psychoactive component, THC is contained in marijuana and hashish, Smoking marijuana produces euphoric, relaxed, and drowsy feelings |
| Opiates (Narcotics) | Highly addictive; produce a sense of well-being and have strong pain-relieving properties. Processed from the sap of the seeds of the opium poppy plant. Opiates produce a “rush,” elevated mood, euphoria, and decreased anxiety |
| Types of Opiates | Morphine,Heroin,Codeine |
| Depressants | Slow down mental and physical activity by inhibiting transmission of nerve impulses in the central nervous system |
| types of depressants | Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines, Alcohol |
| Alcohol | Alcohol: ethanol is the alcohol in a drink, e.g., beer, wine, distilled spirits In low amounts, alcohol produces euphoria and releases social inhibitions |
| Stimulants | Arouse the central nervous system, speeding up mental and physical responses |
| Types of stimulants | Amphetamines, Cocaine, Caffeine, Nicotine |
| Amphetamines | This drug is from khat plant or produced artificially A stimulant that produces alertness, euphoria, and feelings of well-being Methamphetamine is derived from amphetamine and produces a greater psychoactive effect |
| Cocaine | Cocaine: cocaine hydrochloride is odorless white powder processed from coca paste It produces an increased sense of energy, mental acuity, and sensory awareness |
| Caffeine | Caffeine: most widely used psychoactive stimulant in the world In colas, coffee, chocolate, and energy drinks Person feels alert, energetic, alive, and clear-headed |
| Cigarettes | Nicotine: psychoactive drug in tobacco that reaches brain by smoking Smokers report that nicotine is mood enhancing and relaxing |
| Psychotherapeutics | Drugs obtained by prescription for medical purposes are now abused, such as pain relievers, tranquilizers, sedatives, and stimulants |
| Extent of Drug Use | Frequency of use in descending order: caffeine, alcohol, cigarettes cannabis or marijuana, Psychotherapeutics, cocaine Hallucinogens, methamphetamine, heroin |
| Addiction | is an intense craving, seeking out, and use of a particular drug |
| results of voluntary drug use | Voluntary drug use results in either quitting, using occasionally, or compulsive involuntary use |
| Craving | Feeling an overpowering, uncontrollable urge for the drug the person is using Craving is a desire for the pleasure that a drug brings Craving is a desire for the relief of unpleasant withdrawal feelings |
| Tolerance | Tolerance: body habituates to the effects of a drug |
| Withdrawal | a drug-opposite effect characterized by unpleasant feelings that results from drug abstinence |
| Genetic Disposition | means that genetically related individuals are similarly vulnerable to drug experimentation and addiction |
| Behavioral genetics | Field of study that examines the interaction between the genetics of addiction and drug-facilitating environment. |
| Impulsiveness | : heightened sensitivity to drug-effects and low awareness of negative drug-consequences Person’s level of impulsiveness is measured by the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale |
| Smokers | underestimate their loss of autonomy (hooked on) or extent of their craving for cigarettes in the future. |
| Heroin addicts | underestimate the power of craving after a period of drug abstinence. |
| Reward deficiency syndrome | the brain’s pleasure center is less sensitive to dopamine |
| Dopamine | brain chemical related to pleasure |
| Lower sensitivity | makes individuals more likely to turn to drugs for pleasure |
| Affective model of negative reinforcement | individuals are motivated to use drugs to reduce actual or anticipated negative affect that results from the withdrawal of drugs |
| Opponent-Process Theory | Psychoactive drugs produce euphoria, known as process A An opponent reaction or drug-opposite reaction, known as process B, occurs in response to process A |
| Opponent Process Theory, continued | Process A declines as drug wears off Opponent process B remains strong Drug opposite effects of B are responsible for withdrawal symptoms |
| Incentive Sensitization Theory | Incentive sensitization theory: craving depends on drug’s incentive value and its hedonic value Incentive value refers to drug’s ability to create wanting or craving Hedonic value refers to actual pleasure derived from using a drug |
| Incentive Sensitization Theory, continued | With repeated experiences of drug use Incentive value or wanting for drugs increases Hedonic value, by contrast, remains constant or declines slightly |
| Neurons | are specialized cells that conduct electrical impulses |
| Electrical impulses | are the way of communicating among neurons in the brain |
| Neurotransmitters | chemicals that allow neurons to communicate across synapses |
| Mesolimbic dopamine system | neurons in middle of brain linked to pleasure, especially the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area |
| Role of Environment in Addiction | Psychological and neurological theories must incorporate the role of the environment for a complete explanation of addition. |
| Conditioned compensatory response model | the conditioned drug response is opposite of the unconditioned drug response |
| Priming | reinstatement of a strong drug craving with a single dose of alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, or heroin |
| Motivation for change | stopping psychoactive drug use occurs in stages: a person willfully contemplates, prepares, executes, and maintains change, i.e. stop using drugs |
| Negative addiction | : behavior like drug use that is harmful to health |
| Positive addiction | compulsive behaviors that benefit health |
| Exercise high | is positive reinforcer characterized by euphoria and mood improvement |
| Endorphin-exercise connection | strenuous exercise releases endorphins in neurons linked with pleasure neurons, e.g., mesolimbic dopamine system |
| Fixed Ratio (FR) | Rewards appear after a certain set number of responses |
| Example of fixed ratio | e.g. factory workers getting paid after every 10 cases of product are completed |
| Variable Ratio (VR) | Rewards appear after a certain number of responses, but that number varies from trial to trial |
| Example variable ratio | slot machines |
| Fixed Interval (FI) | Rewards appear after a certain fixed amount of time, regardless of number of responses |
| example of fixed interval | e.g. weekly or monthly paychecks |
| Variable Interval (VI) | Rewards appear after a certain amount of time, but that amount varies from trial to trial |
| examples of variable interval | e.g. random visits from the boss who delivers praise |
Created by:
seanzy25
Popular Psychology sets