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GEO 103 Exam
Physical Geography
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Wegeners Theory (explain) | The continents were once interconnected and slowly drifted apart. They once formed Pangaea |
| Key Mechanism in Plate Tectonics | The discovery of seafloor spreading along the mid-Atlantic ridge. |
| Def. Plate Tectonics | The movement of Earth's underlying plates (pieces of crust). |
| Major Plates + Directions | |
| Plate Margin: Divergent, Convergent, Transform | Divergent: spreading away from eachother Convergent: Colliding with each other Transform: sliding past each other, locking up, creating stress, releasing earthquakes, creating fault-lines. |
| Convergent Margin: 3 variations | oceanic --> oceanic; subduction, eq's continental ---> continental oceanic ---> continental (oceanic subduction, eq's) continental ---> continental (compression, formation of mountain ranges e.g. Himalayas). |
| Explanation of a Hot Spot | Magma chamber that occurs underneath the earth's crust and results in volcanism. These do not occur along plate boundaries. |
| Formation of Hawaiian Islands | The Hawaiian islands were formed above a hotspot. They're a formation, or chain of islands occurring because the plate is slowly moving over the hotspot. |
| How plate tectonics intersect with other sciences (Biology, Paleontology) | Climatology: Mountain ranges resulting from plate activity affect weather patterns. |
| Def. Terranes | Pieces of crust that are "attached" to continental landform. Composed of various rock-types. West coast of North America = best example. |
| Focus vs. Epicenter | Epicenter is the area of breakage (disruption) underneath the surface. Focus is immediately above surface. |
| Richter Scale vs. Mercalli Scale | Richter is accurate because it measures an earthquake via distance+amplitude. Mercalli is based on subjective reports. |
| P vs. S Waves | P = Primary waves (fast, initial wave). S = secondary waves (slow, cause more damage). |
| Microzonation Map | Details geographical locations based on susceptibility to earthquakes. Helps assess damage risk in a specified area based on underlying soil. Unconsolidated sediment is less stable than hard rock (granite) |
| Classification Systems of Volcanoes | 1. Based on height of eruptive cloud Hawaiian vs Plinian. 2. Volume of erupted materials. |
| Volcanic Landforms | 1. Shield Volcano 2. Composite (Strato) Volcano 3. Cinder Cones 4. Calderas 5. Lava Domes |
| Tsunamis | Mass wasting underwater causes major water displacement, or, |
| Physical Weathering | Expansion through "diurnal" temperature change. - Plant growth - Frost weathering (faults/cracks in rocks fill with water, water expands as it freezes and causes breakage). 3. Growth of salt crystals |
| Chemical Weathering | Water + CO2 = carbonic acid (H2CO3). Feldspar dissolves in acid and forms quartz (resistant to chemical change). 2. When oxygen reacts with iron to form rust. |
| Def. Weathering | Breaking down and reformation of rock/earth material. |
| Catasthrophism | Major landforms (e.g. massive craters) are the result of short-lived, violent occurences. For example, meteorites. |
| Uniformitarianism | The modern geologic paradigm. The face of Earth, it's major land formations are shaped through gradual processes. |
| Geologic Time Scale | Divided into Eras, Epochs etc. because these demarcate major changes in geological/paleontological events (extinction of dinosaurs). |
| Major Plates/Directions | North American Plate -- northwest. Juan De Fuca Plate -- east, ramming into the northwest of US. |
Created by:
jeremycliffordaz
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