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PSY 317 Exam 1
Basics of Science, History & Branches of ABA; Behavior, Measurement, & Design
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is description? | collection of facts about observed events that can be quantified, classified, & examined; possible relations among behavior and environment; create operational definitions |
| What is prediction? | Relative probability that when one event occurs another event will or will not follow; based on repeated observation revealing relationships (correlation) between various events |
| What is control? | Specific change in one event (DV) can reliably be produced by specific manipulation of another event (IV), ruling out other extraneous factors (confounds); In order to control: 1) correlation 2)IV has to come before change, 3) no confounds |
| What are the 6 scientific principles? | Empiricism, Determinism, Experimentation, Replication, Parsimony, Philosophic Doubt |
| What is empiricism? | objective observation of phenomena of interest; operationally define the objective, make it quantitative |
| What is determinism? | universe is a lawful and orderly place in which all phenomena occur as the result of other events; things that happen in the world are predictable |
| What is experimentation? | IV is systematically manipulated while the effects on the event of interest (DV) is observed |
| What is replication? | repetition of experiments to determine the reliability and usefulness of findings; building evidence by repeating studies while looking under numerous environments, find variability |
| What is parsimony? | Simple, logical explanations must be ruled out before more complex/abstract explanations are considered |
| What is philosophic doubt? | continuous questioning of the truthfulness and validity of all scientific theory/knowledge; hypotheses are always building |
| Who are the 4 major contributors to the study of behavior analysis? | Thorndike, Watson, Pavlov, Skinner |
| Who is Thorndike? | Cat in the Box Experiment – basics of reinforcement...more likely to engage in behavior that has a reward in some way; Law of Effect |
| Who is Watson? | Moved psychology beyond studying consciousness & argued that subject matter should be studying observable behavior; founder of Behaviorism; looked at what humans actually do & focused on behavior that can be observed/measured; Little Albert experiment |
| Who is Pavlov? | Conditioned reflexes/respondent behavior; famous experiment in which he conditioned salivation in response to a metronome in dogs; sound was the conditioned stimulus which eventually gave the same result as the meat powder (unconditioned stimulus) |
| Who is Skinner? | Began the experimental branch of behavior analysis; radical behaviorism – attempts to explain all behavior, thoughts and feelings are behaviors, but are not caused by behavior (ex-Watson) |
| What is the Law of Effect? | behavior that produces a favorable effects on the environment is more likely to be repeated |
| Who wrote The Behavior of Organisms and what was it about? | Skinner: detailed the difference between respondent and operant behavior |
| What are private events and who coined this idea? | Skinner: Not "special" (e.g. thoughts and feelings) and can be influenced by the same variables as public bevavior |
| What are the 4 major branches of Behavior Analysis? | Behaviorism, Applied Behavior Analysis, Experimental Analysis of Behavior, Professional Practice |
| What is Behaviorism? | Philosophy of the science of behavior; covers all of them |
| What is Applied Behavior Analysis? | a scientific approach to improving socially significant behavior in which procedures derived from the principles of behavior are systematically applied & demonstrate experimentally that the procedures employed were responsible for improvement in behavior |
| What is Experimental Analysis of Behavior? | basic research; discover principles of behavior; the rate/frequency of response is the most common DV; graphed data; research is highly controlled evaluations; important in finding social significance of an individuals life |
| What is Professional Practice? | Provide behavior analytic services to consumers; design, implement, and evaluate behavior change programs that consist of behavior change tactics; Evidence based practice |
| What are the 7 Current Dimensions of ABA? | Applied, Behavioral, Analytical, Technological, Conceptual, Effective, Generality |
| What does applied mean? | Socially significant behaviors with immediate importance to the participants (social, language, academic) |
| What does behavioral mean? | Actual behavior that can be measured to enhance improvements; is behavior actually changing |
| What does analytical mean? | Experimental control, functional relation is being demonstrated under ethical and social restrictions |
| What does technological mean? | How we describe what we did, can it be replicated based off accuracy of writing |
| What does conceptual mean? | Behavior change interventions are derived from basic principles of behavior; integrates everything |
| What does generality mean? | Behavior occurs across time, occurs in other situations |
| What does effective mean? | Must produce significant improvement in individuals life, not just statistical significance; noticeable change in the person’s overall life |
| Who are Baer, Wolf, & Risley? | Wrote the first article in journal (?) Deemed some of the founding fathers of ABA |
| What is the difference between direct and indirect assessment of behavior? | Indirect includes questionnaires, interviews, and rating scales whereas direct assessment includes direct observation of behavior as it occurs |
| What are the continuous response measures? | Frequency, Rate, Duration, Latency, Interval-Relation Time, Intensity |
| What are the discontinuous response measures? | Permanent products, Percent of Occurrence, Trials of Criterion, Partial/Whole Interval Recording, Momentary Time Sampling |
| What is frequency? | # of times a behavior occurs |
| What measure is best for discrete behaviors? | Frequency |
| What is rate? | # of behaviors divided by unit time |
| What measure is best for speed behaviors? | Rate |
| What is duration? | How long the behavior lasts |
| What measure is best for endurance activities? | Duration |
| What is latency? | Amount of time between antecedent stimulus and start of behavior |
| What measure is used best when the behavior needs to be provoked? | Latency |
| What is Inter-Response Time (IRT) | Duration between 2 behaviors |
| What measure is best for behaviors that are linked together? | IRT |
| What is intensity? | Amount of force, energy, or exertion involved in a behavior |
| What is Percent of Opportunity? | Total responses correct/total opportunity X 100 |
| What measure is best for correct and incorrect responses (grades)? | % of Opportunity |
| What is Trials of Criterion? | # of trials to reach certain behavior/goal |
| What measure is best for measuring different procedures on the same behavior? | Trials of Criterion |
| What is permanent products? | Recording the tangible outcomes of behavior |
| What measure is being used when collecting homework sheets or when counting the number of plastic bags recycled? | Permanent Products |
| What is partial interval recording? | An overestimation of the # of times behavior occurs at least once during a set interval of time; expressed as a ratio or percentage of intervals in which behavior occurs |
| What is whole interval recording? | An underestimation of the # of times behavior occurs for the entire interval during a set time; expressed as a ratio or percentage of intervals in which behavior occurs |
| When is it best to use interval recording? | When you can look at the presence or absence of behavior |
| What is momentary time sampling? | Record Responses as it occurs at the end of the interval |
| What is discrete categorization? | Classify responses into discrete categories |
| What discontinuous measure is best used to train new behavior? | Discrete Categorization |
| What is reactivity? | When the process of recording behavior causes the behavior to change |
| How do you reduce reactivity? | Desensitize participant to being observed, use observation mirrors or recording instruments |
| What is validity? | Whether we measure what we think it should measure |
| What is accuracy? | Produce true measurements; observed values match the true values |
| What is reliability? | Measurement yields same value across repeated measurements |
| What is IOR/IOA? | One type of reliability - consistency of measurement where 2 independent observers can agree upon 80% or higher of behavior; must have a good response definition |
| How do you use IOR/IOA for measuring frequency/duration? | Small #/Large # |
| How do you use IOR/IOA for measuring interval recording? | # of intervals agreed/total # of intervals |
| How do you use IOR/IOA for frequency within interval recording? | Divide smaller # by larger # for each interval. Average the resulting percents |
| What are the 3 common types of graphs in ABA? | Cumulative record, bar graph, equal interval line graph |
| What are the 4 common single subject designs? | Reversal, multiple baseline, multi-element, changing criterion |
| What is visual analysis? | The evaluation of an experimental/clinical manipulation via visual inspection of graphed data; cornerstone of ABA research and practice |
| Where does the IV and DV fall on a graph? | IV (phase/condition) - horizontal x-axis DV - vertical y-axis |
| Who developed the cumulative record? | Skinner |
| What is the cumulative record? | Primary means of data collection in EAB lab research; enables the experimental subject to draw it’s own graph (each response moves the pen unit) and the line continuously increases in height (NEVER DECREASES) |
| What do the lines on a cumulative record represent? | Stairs = behavior is occurring Flat Line = behavior is not occurring |
| The slope of the line on a cumulative record is an indicator of what? | Response rate! Steeper the slope = higher response rate |
| What is the equal interval line graph? | Most commonly used graph in ABA that tracks behavior across time |
| What do the x-axis and y-axis indicate on an equal interval line graph? | x-axis = passage of time y-asix = DV |
| How does experimental design in ABA work? | Repeatedly and systematically presenting and removing treatment (IV) while measuring the DV and holding all other factors constant |
| What is baseline data? | Controlled condition; measure subjects performance before IV is implemented |
| What is a reversal/withdrawn design? | Following baseline (A), the IV is introduced (B), then withdrawn A; if behavior changes systematically as a function of the introduction and withdrawal of the IV, the likelihood is small that some confound produced the behavior change |
| What is the prediction path in reversal design? | When you have collected enough data so you can predict how behavior will continue to change when IV is introduced or taken away |
| What is the importance of verification in reversal design? | After returning to baseline after Tx was introduced, the behavior should go back to original baseline level. If Tx = Baseline 2, then something else changed behavior OR behavior is permanent |
| What is the importance of replication in reversal design? | Must reintroduce Tx to see if there is a replication of effects |
| What single subject design is best used when you can turn behaviors on/off? | Reversal Design |
| What is multiple baseline design? | 2 or more independent baselines are established; the IV is separately introduced to each baseline; when behavior is stable for the 1st baseline, the IV is introduced on the 2nd baseline; must maintain baseline across subjects, settings, and behavior |
| What single subject design is best used when you want to examine behavior in multiple settings using 2 or more baselines? | Multiple Baseline Design |
| What is Multi-Element Design/Alternating Treatment Design? | Repeated measurement of behavior while the two or more conditions alternate rapidly; look at differing levels of intervention; very brief phases |
| What single subject design is best used when looking at two or more treatments? | Multi-Element/ Alternative Tx Design |
| What is changing criterion design? | Treatment phase is divided into sub-phases, each involving a different behavioral criterion or goal; each sub-phase more closely resembles the target goal |
| What single subject design would best be used when trying to quite smoking? | Changing Criterion Design |
| What are the general guidelines for the number of data points you should use in visual analysis? | More the better; fewer data points are needed if it is a replication study; don’t want to be in data phases when it is flat forever! |
| What is variability? | Up and down! How much data points differ from each other (i.e. how steep and “hilly” the graph looks) |
| What does it mean if graph has a lot of steeps/peaks? | There is high variability, greater need for data, and harder to find significance |
| What is a level/mean shift? | Mean/Median! Average of the data points; makes it more visually clear; make sure to look at overlap |
| What is trend? | Directionality! The overall direction taken by the data path, best fit line; represents to direction and degree of trend that can either be increasing, decreasing, or zero (no trend) |
Created by:
draebarlaan
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