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Life Span
LS-Chapter 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| unlearned responses triggered by specific stimulation | reflexes |
| state in which a baby is calm with eyes open and attentive; the baby seems to be deliberately inspecting the environment | alert inactivity |
| state in which a baby's eyes are open but seem unfocused while the arms or legs move in bursts of uncoordinated motion | waking activity |
| state in which a baby cries vigorously, usually accompanied by agitated but uncoordinated movement | crying |
| state in which a baby alternates from being still and breathing regularly to moving gently and breathing irregularly; the eyes are closed throughout | sleeping |
| cry that starts softly and gradually becomes more intense; often heard when babies are hungry or tired | basic cry |
| more intense version of a basic cry | mad cry |
| cry that begins with a sudden long burst, followed by a long pause and gasping | pain cry |
| irregular sleep in which an infant's eyes dart rapidly beneath the eyelids while the body is quite active | irregular or rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep |
| sleep in which heart rate, breathing, and brain activity are steady | regular (nonREM)sleep |
| when a healthy baby dies suddenly for no apparent reason | sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) |
| consistent style or pattern of behavior | temperament |
| some reflexes help infants get necessary nutrients, other reflexes protect from danger, and still other reflexes... | serve as the basis for later motor behaviors |
| the... is based on five vital functions and provide a quick indication of a newborn's physical health. | apgar score |
| a baby lying calmly with its eyes open and focused is in a state of... | alert inactivity |
| newborns spend more time asleep than awake, and about half this time asleep is spent in..., a time thought to foster growth in the central nervous system. | REM sleep |
| the campaign to reduce SIDS emphasized that infants should... | sleep on their backs |
| research on the stability of temperament in infants and young children typically finds that... | temperament is moderately stable in these years |
| tubelike structure that emerges from the cell body and transmits information to other neurons | axon |
| small knobs at the end of the axon that release neurotransmitters | terminal buttons |
| chemicals released by the terminal buttons that allow neurons to communicate with each other | neurotransmitters |
| wrinkled surface of the brain that regulates many functions that are distinctly human | cerebral cortex |
| right and left halves of the cortex | hemispheres |
| thick bundle of neurons that connects the two hemispheres | corpus callosum |
| brain region that regulates personality and goal-directed behavior | frontal cortex |
| flat group of cells present in prenatal development that become the brain and spinal cord | neural plate |
| fatty sheath that wraps around neurons and enables them to transmit information more rapidly | myelin |
| gradual reduction in the number of synapses, beginning in infancy and continuing until early adolescence | synaptic pruning |
| the study of brain waves recorded from electrodes that are placed on the scalp | electroencephalography |
| method of studying brain activity by using magnetic fields to track blood flow in the brain | functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
| process by which the wiring of the brain is organized by experiences that are common to most humans | experience-expectant growth |
| process by which an individual's unique experiences over a lifetime affect brain structures and organization | experience-dependent growth |
| compared to older children and adults, an infant's head and trunk are... | disproportionately large |
| because of the high demand of growth, infants need... calories per pound that adults | more |
| the most effective treatment for malnutrition is improved diet and ... | parent training |
| the... is the part of the neuron that contains the basic machinery to keep the cell alive | cell body |
| the frontal cortex is the seat of personality and regulates... | planning |
| human speech typically elicits the greatest electrical activity from the ... of an infant's brain | left hemisphere |
| a good example of brain plasticity is that, although children with brain damage often have impaired cognitive processes, ... | they often regain their earlier skills over time |
| coordinated movements of the muscles and limbs | motor skills |
| ability to move around in the world | locomote |
| motor skills associated with grasping, holding, and manipulating objects | fine motor skills |
| early, unsteady form of walking done by infants | toddling |
| young children who have just learned to walk | toddlers |
| theory that views motor development as involving many distinct skills that are organized and reorganized over time to meet specific needs | dynamic systems theory |
| distinguishing and mastering individual motions | differentiaion |
| linking individual motions into a coherent, coordinated whole | integration |
| according to ..., motor development involves many distinct skills that are organized and reorganized over time, depending on task demands. | dynamic systems theory |
| when 4-month-olds tumble from a sitting position, they usually try to keep their head upright. this happens even when they are blindfolded, which means that the important cues to balance come from... | the inner ear |
| skills important in learning to walk include maintaining upright posture and balance, stepping, and ... | using perceptual information |
| before the age of ..., children show no signs of handedness; they use their left and right hands interchangeably | 1 year |
| process by which the brain receives, selects, modifies, and organizes incoming nerve impulses that are the result of physical stimulation | perception |
| smallest pattern that one can distinguish reliably | visual acuity |
| specialized neurons in the back of the eye that sense color | cones |
| glass-covered platform that appears to have a "shallow" and a "deep" side; used to study infants' depth perception | visual cliff |
| cues to depth perception in which motion is used to estimate depth | kinetic cues |
| kinetic cue to depth perception that is based on the fact that an object fills an ever-greater proportion of the retina as it moves closer | visual expansion |
| kinetic cue to depth perception based on the fact that nearby moving objects move across our visual field faster than do distant objects | motion parallax |
| way of inferring depth based on differences in the retinal images in the left and right eyes | retinal disparity |
| cues to depth perception that are used to convey depth in drawings and paintings | pictorial cues |
| a cue to depth perception based on the fact that parallel lines come together at a single point in the distance | linear perspective |
| perceptual cue to depth based on the fact that the texture of objects changes from coarse and distinct for nearby objects to finer and less distinct for distant objects | texture gradient |
| infants respond negatively to substances that taste sour or... | bitter |
| infants respond to ... with a high-pitched cry that is hard to soothe | pain |
| infants' hearing is best for sounds that have the pitch of ... | human speech |
| at age ..., infants acuity is like that of an adult with normal vision | 1 year |
| ... are specialized neurons in the retina that are sensitive to color | cones |
| the term ... refers to the fact that images of an object in the left and right eye differ for nearby objects | retinal disparity |
| when elements consistently move together, infants decide that they are .. | part of the same object |
| infants readily integrate information from different senses; and their sensory systems seem to be particularly attuned to ... | information presented redundantly to multiple senses |
| ideas about connections between thoughts, beliefs, intentions, and behavior that create an intuitive understanding of the link between mind and behavior | theory of mind |
| apparently children are fist self-aware at age 2 because this is when they first recognize themselves in a mirror and in photographs and when they first use ... | personal pronouns such as "I" and "me" |
| during the preschool years, children's self-concepts emphasize ..., physical characteristics, preferences, and competencies | possissions |
| unlike 4-year-olds, most 3-year-olds don't understand that other people's behavior is sometimes based on | false beliefs |
Created by:
tseeland
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