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Chapter 4
Psyc 225
Question | Answer |
---|---|
social smile | a smile evoked by a human face, normally first evident in infants about 6 weeks after birth |
cortisol | the primary stress hormone; fluctuations in the body's cortisol level affect human emotion |
separation anxiety | an infants distress when a familiar caregiver leaves, most obvious between 9 and 14 months |
stranger wariness | an infant's expression of concern - a quiet stare while clinging to a familiar person, or a look of fear - when a stranger appears |
self-awareness | a person's realization that he or she is a distinct individual whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people |
temperament | inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self-regulation. It is measured by the person's typical responses to the environment |
synchrony | a coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant |
still-face technique | an experimental practice in which an adult keeps his or her face unmoving and expressionless in face-to-face interaction with an infant |
attachment | according to Ainsworth, "an affectional tie" that an infant forms with a caregiver - a tie that bonds them together in space and endures over time |
secure attachment | a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver |
insecure-avoidant attachment | a pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems to care about the caregiver's presence, departure, or return |
insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment | a pattern of attachment in which an infant's anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when the infant become very upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contact or reunion |
disorganized attachment | a type of attachment that is marked by an infant's inconsistent reactions to the caregiver's departure and return |
strange situation | a laboratory procedure for measuring attachment by evoking infants' reactions to the stress of various adults' comings and goings in an unfamiliar playroom |
social referencing | seeking information about how to react to an unfamiliar or ambiguous object or event by observing someone else's expressions and reactions. That other person becomes a social reference. |
trust versus mistrust | Erikson's first crisis of psychosocial development. Infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs (for food, comfort, attention, and so on) are met |
autonomy versus shame and doubt | Erikson's second crisis of psychosocial development. Toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their actions and their bodies |
social learning | the acquisition of behavior patterns by observing the behavior of others |
proximal parenting | caregiving practices that involve being physically close to the baby, with frequent holding and touching |
distal parenting | caregiving practices that involve remaining distant from the baby, providing toys, food, and face-to-face communication with minimal holding and touching |
working model | a cognitive theory, a set of assumptions that the individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences. (i.e. a person might assume that other people are trustworthy & be surprised by an incident that this working model of human behavior was erroneous) |
allocare | literally, "other-care"; the care of children by people other than the biological parents |
family day care | child care that includes several children of various ages and usually occurs in the home of a woman who is paid to provide it |
center day care | child care that occurs in a place especially designed for the purpose, where several paid adults care for many children. Usually, the children are grouped by age, the day-care center is licensed, & providers are trained & certified in child development. |