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Psych Exam #1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The _____ tells us the probability of getting the data pattern we did purely by chance. | p-value |
| If results are not consistent with a prediction, then the underlying hypothesis is _______. | disconfirmed |
| A ____________ allows investigators to assess the consistency of the results of numerous studies in quantitative terms. | meta-analysis |
| If you use the very same participants for experimental and control groups, this is a _______ comparison. Using different control groups makes it a ________ comparison. | within subject; between subject |
| _________ looks at the degree to which a study is successful at measuring what it is supposed to measure. | internal validity |
| The direction of causality is not always easily determined in _______ studies. | correlational |
| In many cases, variables can't be experimentally controlled, so we must turn to a(n) _______. | observational study |
| A calculation that takes the effect size, variability, and number of observations and determines the degree to which an observed difference in sample means reflects a real difference in population means and is not attributable to chance is called: | statistical significance |
| The difference between the control and experimental groups is noted by the _______. | effect size |
| A ________ is a graph depicting the relationship between interval or ratio scale variables, with each axis representing one variable. | scatter plot |
| ____ is the degree to which individual scores in a data set differ from one to the next. | variability |
| A correlation coefficient is a number that expresses both the ____ and ___ of a correlation. | strength; direction |
| ____ distributions help describe the data we've collected by showing two characteristics of the data set, the ____ (or average score of the data set) and the ____. | frequency; mean; variability |
| Sometimes there are cues in a study called ____ that signal that one response is more desirable than another. | demand characteristics |
| Psychologists would use ___ sampling when they were interested in deliberately seeking out the unusual cases to look at how diverse the population can be. | maximum variation |
| A ____ arises when some observations are more likely to be reported than others. | report bias |
| In systematic data collection, we need to avoid ____ and ____. | confirmation bias and anecdotal evidence |
| When we look for evidence that supports our view, and ignore contrary evidence, we are engaging in _________ | confirmation bias |
| The conception of organisms as machines can be traced to the great French philosopher _____ | Rene Descartes |
| According to Descartes, excitation from the senses leads to muscle contraction in what we now call a _____ | reflex |
| Descartes attributed our flexibility in responding (the choices we make), not to reflexes, but to the ____. | soul |
| The new system that is devoted to the study of the nervous system is called _____. | neuroscience |
| the individual nerve cells that collectively make up the nervous system are called | neurons |
| the other basic cells in the nervous system, more common than neurons, are called ____. | glia |
| the means though which individual neurons communicate with each other is called a _____. | nerve impulse |
| _____ neurons carry information exiting the brain to some destination outside of the CNS. | efferent |
| ____ neurons carry information arriving in the brain and keep the nervous system informed about the body's internal environment and the external world | afferent |
| the axons of ____ neurons transmit messages from the brain to the muscles or glands | motor |
| specialized _____ cells that respond to stimulation from the outside environment ____ the physical stimuli into nerve impulses. | receptor; transduce |
| when the neuron's cell membrane is depolarized beyond its _____ by an adequate stimulus, an _____ results. | excitation threshold; action potential |
| ion ___ and ion ___ maintain the cell's resting potential. the opening of the ion __ are responsible for the sharp voltage change called the action potential. | pumps; channels; channels |
| cells that are found in the early stages of an organism's development that have not yet begun to specialize or differentiate in any way are called ____ cells. | stem cells |
| In this system, neurons can regenerate their axons after the original axon was severed, but in the human _____ system this regrowth after damage does not seem to occur | peripheral nervous; central nervous |
| the birth of new neurons is called ____, but this process is limited in the adult brain presumably due to the need for biological ____ in the brain, so we do not lose skills and knowledge we have already acquired. | neurogenesis; stability |
| cortical ___ may occur when a person receives a lot of practice at a task. more brain tissue is assigned for the task, presumably because tissue has been ___ from some other task. | reorganization; reassigned |
| changes in neuronal connections can be achieved when individuals neurons alter their ____ by changing the amount of neurotransmitter they release. | output |
| changes in neuronal connections can be achieved when individuals neurons change their ____ by chaining how sensitive they are to neurotransmitters by gaining new receptors from learning. | input |
| neurons can create entirely new ______, producing new ___ in response to new patterns of stimulation | connections; synapses |
| the brain's capacity to alter its structure and function is called brain ____. | plasticity |
| after suffering damage to the ____ area of his frontal lobe, a person who has been sorting blocks by color continues to sort by color even after he's been told sorting by color is incorrect. This is an example of: | prefrontal; perseveration |
| A person who utters sentences with large gaps after suffering a stroke may be diagnosed with a(n) _____. | non-fluent aphasia |
| a person who utters sentences such as "I was over the other one, then after they had been in the department, I was in this one" after suffering a stroke may be diagnosed with ______. | fluent aphasia |
| a woman who puts her makeup only on the right side of her face, and fails to comb the lest side of her hair after suffering a stroke, may be diagnosed with _______ | neglect syndrome |
| a person who can describe the bristles and long handle of their toothbrush, but cannot name it after having a stroke may be diagnosed with ______. | visual agnosia |
| a smoker who suffers a stroke and can no longer put together the appropriate actions to light his cigarette may be diagnosed with ______. | apraxia |
| damage to the frontmost part of the frontal lobe, called the ____ area, may impair a person's executive control over his or her own thinking. | prefrontal |
| What is the tendency to continue to act according to an initial rule, despite explicit feedback that they are now doing the task incorrectly. | perseveration |
| a disorder of attention usually due to damage in certain areas on the right side of the ___ lobe which leaves personas inattentive to stimuli to their left and results in them ignoring the left side of their body is called: | parietal; neglect syndrome |
| Disruptions in the production or comprehension of speech, usually produced by lesions in the ___ hemisphere, are called ______. | left; aphasias |
| When the production of speech is disrupted due to damage in _____ area in the ___ lobe, it is called a ______. | Broca's area; left frontal; non-fluent aphasia |
| When the comprehension of speech is disrupted usually due to damage to _____ area in the ____ lobe it is called a _______. | Wernicke's area; left temporal; fluent aphasia |
| A disruption in the way a person perceives the world, without the loss of basic sensory capacities, is called ______ | agnosia |
| when people lose the ability to recognize what they see, usually due to damage in the ____ lobe, it is called ______. When this type of disorder involves a deficit in face recognition it is called: | occipital; visual agnosia; prosopagnosia |
| ___ are serious disturbances in the initiation or organization of voluntary action produced by lesions in certain cortical areas, often in the _____ lobes | apraxias; frontal |
| ___ areas are involved in complex processes broadly referred to as thinking, remembering, and speaking. some areas function as additional ___ projection areas | association; non-primary |
| the ____ area, located in the temporal lobe, is where adjacent brain areas represent similar ranges of pitch. | auditory projection |
| each portion of the body surface is represented in the _____ area located primarily in the ___ lobe | primary somatosensory; parietal |
| in the cortex, mapping of the body surface and the input from the sense organs in the head is established in the ______ area | primary sensory |
| in humans, the greatest amount of cortical space for motor functions is assigned to the ___ and ___ which can move with the greatest precision. | fingers; tongue |
| the control of body movement as represented in the cortex is represented in the _____ area, located where? | primary motor projection; frontal |
| sensory information and motor control for one side of the body is on the opposite side of the brain. this is called what? | contralateral |
| areas where the brain tissue seems to form a map of sensory information are called ____ areas. | projection |
| there is evidence that in most individuals, the left hemisphere specializes in ____, and the right hemisphere in ____ functions. | language; spatial |
| a right-handed split-brain patient would probably not be able to name a common object placed in his or her ____ hand. | left |
| the ____ is a major commissure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres. | corpus callosum |
| the asymmetry of function in the human cerebral cortex is described as what? | lateralization |
| a subcortical brain structure in the temporal lobe that plays a pivotal role in learning and memory and our navigation in space is called what? | hippocampus |
| the structure of the brain that plays a central role in modulating our emotional reactions and the evaluation of stimuli to determine familiarity, safety, and so on, is called the ______ | amygdala |
| a group of interconnected subcortical structures form the ___ system, which is involved in emotional and motivation activities and aspects of learning and memory. | limbic |
| the structure of the brain that plays a vital role in the control of the ANS, the endocrine system, and the major motivated behaviors of eating, drinking, and sexual activity is the ___. | hypothalamus |
| subcortical structures include: | thalamus; hypothalamus; limbic system; amygdala; hippocampus |
| the primary visual projection area is located where? | occipital lobe |
| the primary auditory projection area, and subcortically, the amygdala and hippocampus, are located in the ____ lobe | temporal |
| the primary sensory projection area is located in what lobe? | parietal lobe |
| the motor projection area is located in what lobe? | frontal lobe |
| the ___ fissure divides the frontal lobes from the temporal lobes | lateral |
| the ____ fissure decides the brain into two halves. | longitudinal |
| the thin, outermost layer of gray matter of the cerebral hemispheres is called the _____, which contains ____ (wrinkles) and ___ (deep grooves). | cerebral cortex; convolutions; fissures |
| the largest part of the human brain is the ____, which includes the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus. | forebrain |
| located on top of the midbrain, the ___ serves as a relay station by directing information to the forebrain where it is more fully processed and interpreted | thalamus |
| located behind the brain stem, the ___ is involved in controlling balance and coordinating moves | cerebellum |
| located above the medulla, the ___ controls the brain's overall level of attentiveness and help govern the timing of sleep an dreaming | pons |
| located at the bottom of the brain stem, the ___ controls life sustaining functions such as breathing and blood circulation | medulla |
| the ____ is formed by the structures at the very top of the spinal cord | brain stem |
| the ANS is divided into two branches: ____, which mobilizes the body's flight or fight response; and the ____, which restores the body's internal activities to normal and maintains a normal state of functioning | sympathetic; parasympathetic |
| The parts of the nervous system outside CNS are called what. this system is divided into two parts: the __ which controls the skeletal muscles and carries info from the sense organs, and __, which controls nerves that regulate automatic internal activity | peripheral nervous system (PNS); somatic divison, autonomic nervous system (ANS) |
| the CNS is protected by the ___ and ___, as well as by the __, which acts as a shock absorber for the brain | skull; meniges; cerebrospinal fluid |
| the brain and the spinal cord together make up the ____ | central nervous system |
| to look at the structure of the brain, this may be done which uses a series of X-ray pictures of the brain put together by a computer to create a composite portrait of the brain | CT scan |
| a less invasive technique measures metabolic activity in the brain revealed by exposing the brain to a very strong magnetic field. this is called what? | fMRI |
| a measurement of brain activity that looks at the rate of uptake in different brain areas of a radioactive substance is called a what? | PET scan |
| brain activity can be measured by an __, a ___ scan, or an ____. | EEG; PET; fMRI |
| brain electrical activity is measured directly with an ___, which can tell us about the activity of the brain overall, but not in particular areas of the brain | EEG |
| the two principal ways of imaging the structure of the human brain are through a _____ and an ______ | CT scan; MRI |
| brain tissue near the scalp can be temporality deactivated with brief magnetic pulses in the technique of _____. | transcranial magnetic stimulation |
| in ____, experimental techniques and brain-imaging techniques are added to clinical observations to study how the brain functions and how brain damage alters that functioning. | neuropsychology |
| to study the effects of brain damage, nervous tissue is damaged in a local area with techniques of ___ and ____ | lesioning; transecting |
| a procedure for studying the nervous system by monitoring the moment-by-moment activity of individual neurons is called what? a procedure that uses micro electrodes to record the activity of individual cells and relies on a comp. to examine patterns is: | single-cell recording; multi-unti recording |
| ____ are chemical messengers that are distributed indiscriminately throughout the body via the bloodstream, whereas ____ exert their effects in a very limited area. | hormones; neurotransmitters |
| The ____ consists of ___ that secrete __ into the bloodstream to affect organs elsewhere in the body. | endocrine system; glands; hormones |
| the brain gets special protections from potential toxins in the blood through the action of the _____. | blood-brain barrier |
| substances may be __ (produced naturally within the body) like endorphins, or substances may be ___ (intro ducted from outside the body) like cocaine | endogenous; exogenous |
| some drugs impede a neurotransmitter's activity by __ themselves to the synaptic receptor that blocks the neurotransmitter from being able to find to the receptors. | binding |
| some drugs enhance a neurotransmitter's activity by ___ the neurotransmitter and activating the receptors on their own. | mimicking |
| drugs that enhance a neurotransmitter's activity are called __. drugs that impede a neurotransmitter's activity are called ___. | agonists; antagonists |
| the idea that neurotransmitters affect only the postsynaptic neuron if their shape fits the shape of certain receptor sites on that membrane is called the ___ model. | lock-and-key |
| neurotransmitters are eventually removed from the synapse by deactivation from ___ or by ___ | enzymes; synaptic reuptake |
| excitatory neurotransmitters open __ channels in the postsynaptic neuron. | ion |
| inhibitory neurotransmitters ___ the nerve's resting potential, whereas excitatory neurotransmitters ___ it. | increase; decrease |
| whether a neuron fires is determined by the net result of its integration of ___ stimulation and ___ stimulation | excitatory; inhibitory |
| __ are sites on the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron which receive the specific neurotransmitters that fit in that particular site. | receptors |
| chemicals released by the neuron, which can then trigger a response in another neuron, are called what? | neurotransmitters |
| the tiny sacs within the axon terminals of a presynaptic neuron that contain the neurotransmitters are called ____ | synaptic vesicles |
| electrical activity is transmitted across the synapse by __ (chemicals), from the ___ neuron to the ___neuron. | neurotransmitters; presynaptic; postsynaptic |
| each neuron receives signals from ___ neuron(s). | many |
| the gap between the avon terminals of one neuron and the dendritic spines of another is called the | synapse |
| stimulus ___ is conveyed by both increases in the ___ of neurons firing and by the increases in the individual neurons' frequency of firing | intensity; number |
| the ___ law states that the size of the action potential and its speed are independent of the intensity of the stimulus | all-or-none |
| the disease ___ involves the deterioration of the myeline surrounding the neurons | multiple sclerosis |
| the ___ of the propagation of the action potential would be relatively slow, except the __ wrapped around the axon allows the impulse to jump from one node of __ to another. | speed; myeline; Ranvier |
| propagation goes in __ direction down the avon due to the ___ needed to regain resting potential. | one; refractory period |
| the movement of the action potential down the axon is called what? | propagation |
| when a neuron's membrane is disturbed, it loses the electrical charge that normally exists across the membrane; the neuron is then said to be ____ | depolarized |
| the time after a action potential during which the cell membrane is unprepared for the next action potential is called the _____. | refractory period |
Created by:
akasher
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