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physics final
radt 334
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| electromagnetic energy- examples | x-rays are a form, radio wave, light waves, etc |
| 4 properties of photons | frequency: rate of rise and fall of a sine wave; frequency, wavelength, velocity, and amplitude |
| which property of photons is consant | velocity, x-rays speed of light or not at all |
| atom | smallest particle of an element that cannot be divided or broken by chemical means |
| chemical compound | one type of molecule |
| molecule | combination of two or more types of atoms |
| mechanical physics | branch of physics we study objects at rest and in motion |
| photon | bundle of energy |
| frequency | number of cycles or wavelengths of a simple harmonic motion per unit of time; expressed in 1 Hz= 1 cycle |
| Hertz | 1/60 of a second |
| ammeter | measures amperage |
| voltmeter | measures voltages |
| extrafocal radiation | radiation produced from rebounding electrons landing on other areas of the target, not at actual focal spot, electrons slammed into anode |
| attenutation | product of absorption and scattering |
| differential absorption | different degrees where x-rays |
| Pi line | every 3.14 inches, from 1 inch transport rollers, from dirty roller, perpendicular to path of travel |
| guide shoe marks | scratches with film travel, parallel to direction of film travel |
| light leak | leak in area we store film, busted film bin, streaking effect, high optical density, fog type mixture, sharp streak, but part that are ok on film |
| ionization | remove electron from atom, atom that lost one is a postiive charge |
| solenoid | coil of wire |
| electronmagnet | vary intense by changing how much electricy goes thru wire, hooked up to electrcity |
| space charge | electron boiled off filament, high charge and block electrons from being boiled off because of space charge |
| line-focus principle | angling anode get smaller effective focal spot, helps maintain recorded detail, and increases area for heat |
| xray intensity | quantity of xray photons, number of photons, exposure |
| voltage ripple | fluctuation of energy from 0 to peak back down to 0 |
| generators and percentages- how it affects quantity and quality and power rating | |
| examples of energy | electrical energy, heat, potential energy, etc |
| british system of measurement | |
| SI system of measurment | |
| MKS system of measurment | |
| CGS system of measurment | |
| basic quantities in mechanics are | mass, length, and time |
| derived quantity and examples | combination of 2 or more base quantity, force, momentum, work |
| history of atoms | |
| Dalton | |
| Bohr | |
| Rutherford | |
| chemical element is determined by... | |
| z number | |
| binding energy is determined by... | |
| atomic mass of 95, and atomic number of 40 what is the number of electrons | |
| in normal state, the electrical charge of an atom is | |
| innermost shelton is called | |
| isotope | |
| isomer | |
| electromagnet energy | |
| smallest quantity of | |
| wave equation | |
| energy photon directly related to | |
| photons interact with matter that have wavelengths_____ their own wavelength | |
| as photon frequency increases, energy _____ and wavelength of the photon | |
| like charges ____, | |
| direct current | |
| indirect current | |
| how do we change direct current to indirect | |
| electric current and relationship to magnetism | |
| magnetism | |
| a charged partile in motion will create | |
| electron rotation on their axis is called | |
| magnetic force relationship to field strngeth and distance | |
| magnetic susceptiblilty | |
| permiability | |
| faraday experiment | |
| how do you make an electromagnet with a coil of wire | |
| x-ray circuit | |
| operatinf console contains circuits that are ____ voltage | |
| purpose of transformers | |
| step down transformer | |
| step up transformer | |
| types of induction | |
| how many windings do step up transformers have | |
| how many windings do step down transformers have | |
| why do we use transformers | |
| what type of current is needed for transformers | |
| purpose of voltage compensator | |
| what section of circuit provides electrons for tube current | |
| rectification | |
| advantages of single phase, 3 phase, high frequency | |
| disadvantages | |
| what happenes to waveform between primary and secondary sides | |
| operating console- low or high voltage | |
| what is the relationship between voltage and amperage | |
| what do electrons interact with | |
| where are x-rays made | |
| which direction do electrons flow in the xray tube | |
| malfunction results from tungsten coating the inside of tube | |
| dual focus tubes has how many filaments | |
| how does the anode rotate | |
| what causes anode cracking | |
| t/f: kVp controls the number of xrays emitted at the filment | false |
| most of the ______ energy of the projectle electrons is converted to ___ | |
| how does an xray tube primarly cool | |
| HU calculations | |
| discete | characteristic= distance (bar graph) |
| continuous | brehmshlung |
| max. energy is continuous spectrum | max. kV set at operating console |
| quantity= | amplitude |
| quality= | position, how far to the rt or lt |
| HVL | half value layer, measure of equality, digital dosimeter, place sheets of aluminum |
| 15% | increase kVp shift to rt, xrays more efficeint, decrease mAs |
| factors affecting (increase) | |
| filtration | filt increases, reduction in amplitude |
| largest source of manmade ionizing radiation exposure to the public | radon |
| year x-rays discovered | 1895 |
| who discovered xrays | wilhem reontgen |
| roentgen | |
| rad | |
| rem | |
| curie | |
| what is the purpose of adding filtration | |
| primary cooling process of an x-ray tube | |
| two types of xray production | |
| bremshlung xrays are produced by ____ | |
| know different types of characterists of each***** rephrase | |
| what direction do compton scatter rays go | |
| xray interaction with an atom without ionizing during _____ | |
| results in an xrat of equal energy being releases in a different direction | coherant |
| scattered photon that retains up to 2/3 of the incident, xrays original energy happens during what interaction | |
| how does kvp affect | |
| two primary forms of interaction in diagnostic energy ranges are what | |
| what role does mass density play | |
| interactions of diff absoption | |
| atomic number role | |
| contrast role | |
| what affects transmitted xrays | |
| latent image | |
| manifest image | |
| histogram types- spikes at front and/ or back or no spike | |
| histogram formation- importance of collimation | computers cannot fix poor collimation errors |
| CR steps | 1. radiation to IP 2. trap high energy state 3. IP exposed to laser light 4. release electrons 5. PMT detects light of electrons 6. stable state 7. IP exposed to intense white light |
| detector quantum effiency | |
| conversion efficency | |
| QC programs include acceptance testing, routine performance monitoring and maintence | |
| focal spot size is measured in..... | pin hole camera |
| wire mesh test | warped screens, cassettes, and films |
| reciprocity | changing mA at time station |
| reproducablilty | keep same mAs but keeping same exposure |
| linearity | 5 mAs bumped up to 10 mAs, see double the density |
| accuracy of collimator/ kVp (10%) | |
| QA | people checking |
| QC | equipment checking |
| film should be stored at what humidity | 40-60% |
| artifacts | |
| exposure, processing, storage, and handling | |
| static pi lines, guide shoe marks, dirt/dust, patient motion, foreign objects | |
| outcome assessment | |
| digital imaging (over or under exposure) | |
| 3 parts of xray imaging system | operating console, high voltage gen, xray tube |
| single phase= | 100% voltage ripple |
| 3 phase 6 pulse= | 13% |
| 3 phase 12 pulse= | 4% |
| high frequency= | 1%; lower quantity and quality |
Created by:
meechthebeech91
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