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Sociology Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| deviance | a behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction |
| functions of deviance | crimes and how they're punished |
| mechanisms of social control | the formal and informal mechanisms used to increase conformity to values and norms and this promote social cohesion |
| Durkheim on deviance | 1. clarifying moral boundaries 2. promote social cohesion |
| strain theory Robert Merton | some deviance is inevitable an individuals position in the social structure will affect his experience of deviance social inequality creates tension |
| differential association | Edwin Sutherland's hypothesis that we learn to be deviant through our associations with deviant peers |
| labeling theory | Howard Becker's idea that deviance is a consequence of external judgments, or labels, that modify the individuals self-concept and change the way others respond to the labeled person |
| stigma | Erving Goffman's term for any physical or social attribute that devalues a person or group's identity and that may exclude those who are devalued from normal social interaction |
| control theory | in an experiment, the process of regulating all factors except for the independent variable |
| emotional attraction of crime | there is a rush associated with committing a crime that satisfies a sneaky thrill |
| Uniform Crime Report | Uniform Crime Report: FBI's tabulation of every crime committed |
| Social class | a system of stratification based on access to such resources as wealth, poverty, power, and prestige |
| stratification | the division of society into groups arranged in a social hiererchy |
| social inequality | the unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige among members of society |
| social mobility | the movement of individuals or groups within the hierarchal system of social classes |
| opened and closed systems | open- a social system with ample opportunities to move from one class to another closed- a social system with very little opportunity to move from one class to another |
| vertical and horizontal social mobility | vertical- the movement between different class statuses, often called either upward or downward mobility horizontal- the occupational movement of individuals or groups within a social class |
| status group | a position in a social hiererchy that carries a particular set of expectaitons |
| occupational prestige | the social honor people are given because of their membership in a well-regarded social groups |
| income vs. wealth | wealth-a measure of net worth that includes income, property, and other assets |
| functionalists Davis and Moore | social order and solidarity based on commonly shared values Davis and Moore discuss principles of stratification that result in rewards that is unequally distributed. Some roles are more desirable than others, more important=more rewards |
| Bourdieu Social reproduction | the tendency of social classes to remain relatively stable as social class status is passed down from one generation to the next |
| cultural capital | the tastes, habits, expectations, skills, knowledge, and other cultural dispositions that help us gain advantages in society |
| SES relative to our social positions | everyday class consciousness Family (shelter), health (nutrition), education, work and income, criminal justice |
| absolute and relative poverty | absolute- an objective measure of poverty, defined by the inability to meet minimal standards for food, shelter, clothing, or health care relative- a relative measure of poverty based on the standard of living in a particular society |
| relative deprivation theory | a theory of social movements that focuses on the actions of oppressed groups who seek rights or opportunities already enjoyed by others in the society |
| culture of poverty | entrenched attitudes that can develop among poor communities and lead the poor to accept their fate rather than attempt to improve their lot |
| political disenfranchisement | the removal of the rights of citizenship through economic, political, or legal means |
| digital divide | the experience of unequal access to computer and internet technology, both globally and within the united states |
| american dream | US is a meritocracy (rewards are distributed based on merit), but on the contrary, some think it's about simplicity |
| racial group | a socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people |
| ethnic group | a socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history, or another cultural factor |
| minority and majority group characteristics | minority- members of a social group that is systematically denied the same access to power and resources available to society's dominant groups but who are not necessarily fewer in number than the dominant groups |
| prejudice | an idea about the characteristics of a group that is applied to all members of that group and is unlikely to change regardless of the evidence against it |
| discrimination | unequal treatment of individuals based on their membership in a social group; usually motivated by prejudice |
| institutional discrimination | discrimination carried out systematically by institutions that affect all members of a group who come into contact with |
| life chances | Family (blacks never marry/divorce) Health (hispanics live longer) education (90.8% of whites) work and income (colored=difficult jobs) criminal justice (more blacks and hispanics than white) |
| genocide | the deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial, ethnic, national, or cultural group |
| segregation | the formal and legal seperation of groups by race or ethnicity |
| assimilation | a pattern of relations between ethnic or racial groups in which the minority group is absorbed into the mainstream or dominant group , making society more homogenous |
| expulsion | depriving someone membership into an organization |
| pluralism | a cultural pattern of intergroup relations that encourages racial or ethnic variation within a society |
| sex | an individuals membership in one of two biologically distinct categories |
| dimorphic model | having properties of both sexes |
| gender as social construct | constructionists see gender as a social construction and acknowledge the possibility that the male and female categories aren't the only way of classifying individuals |
| essentialists | those who believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin and therefore cannot be changed |
| constructionists | those who believe the notions of gender are socially determined, such that a dichotomous system is just one possibility among many |
| gender inequality | patriarchy- male domination food and resource deliverers |
| instrumental and expressive leaders in the family | instrumental- family member that provides the family's material support and is often an authority figure expressive- family member who provides emotional support and nurturing |
| patriarchy families | "rule of the father" male dominated society |
| gender role | the lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine, primarily through four agents of socialization: families, schools, peers, and the media |
| socialization agents | the process of learning and internalizing the values, beliefs, and norms of our social groups by which we become functioning members of society- Family, peers, schools, and media |
| gender | the physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members |
| feminization of poverty | the economic trend showing that women are more likely than men to live in poverty,caused in part by the gendered gap in wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single fathers, and the increasing costs of child care |
| feminism | belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes; also the social movements organized around that belief |
| sexual orientation or identity | the inclination to feel sexual desires toward people of a particular gender or toward both genders |
| family | a social group whos members are bound by legal, biological, or emotional ties, or a combination of all three |
| nuclear | a heterosexual couple with one or more children living in a single household |
| extended | a large group of relatives, usually including three generations either living in one household or in close proximity |
| endogamy | marriage to someone within one's social group |
| exogamy | marriage to someone from a different social group |
| monogamy | the practice of marrying one person at a time |
| serial monogamy | a person who has many sexual partners in his or her lifetime but one at a time, can't keep a long term relationship |
| polygamy | system of marriage that allows men to have multiple wives |
| polyandry | a system of marriage that allows women to have multiple husbands |
| homogamy | the tendency to marry or have relationships with people who are like us |
| propinquity | the tendency to marry or have relationships with people in close geographic proximmity |
| second shift | the unpaid housework and childcare often expected of women after they complete their day's paid labor |
| cohabitation | living together as a romantically involved, unmarried couple |
| violent crime | crimes in which violence is either the objective or the means to an end |
| property crime | crimes that did not involve violence |
| white collar crime | crime committed by a high status individual in the course of his occupation |
| SES | socioeconomic status- a measure of an individual's place within a social class system, often used interchangeably with class |
| sex, gender, and life chances | family- men more likely to be married/not married health- more men than women in the world education- women are more likely to finish school work and income- jobs are gendered criminal justice- men=violence, women=personal theft |
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