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psych exam 3
sleep, emotions & stress, language, intelligence, personality & social psycholog
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| circadian rhythms | biological clock |
| suprachiasmatic nucleaus (SCN) | regulates circadian rhythms, part of the hypothalamus, responds to light and triggers pineal gland to decrease melatonin production |
| EEG | electroencephalograph- way of measuring sleep by putting electrodes on someone's head and measures electrical activities in the brain |
| length of sleep cycle | 90 minutes |
| what happens during REM sleep? | physiological arousal, sleep paralysis, fast brain-waves, dreaming |
| REM rebound | increased REM time when deprived of it |
| sleep cycles throughout the night | length of REM sleep increases the longer you remain asleep |
| change in sleeping patterns over our lifetime | we need less sleep as we age |
| insomnia | inability to fall and stay asleep |
| narcolepsy | sleep attacks |
| hypersomnolence disorder | excessive night sleep excessive daytime sleepiness |
| sleep apnea | repeated awakening after breathing stops |
| night terrors | sudden scared looking behavior |
| why do we sleep and dream? | protection, growth, recuperation, consolidation of memory |
| Sleep and memory | non-REM get memories to the cortex REM sleep help fine tuning of memory consolidation |
| dream content | 80% negative events or emotions |
| James-Lange theory | experience emotion because we are aware of our responses to stimuli |
| Cannon-Bard theory | stimuli triggers response and the subjective experience of emotion |
| Schachter-Singer Two-Factor theory | to experience emotion you must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal |
| six universally recognized emotions | happiness, surprise, sadness, fear, anger, disgust |
| emotions from an evolutionary perspective | emotions are "action tendencies" that organize behavioral responses |
| Dads & testosterone | men's testosterone levels decrease when they become a father |
| how is fear processed in the brain | fears develop in "low road" skipping conscious thought |
| parts of brain essential to processing emotions | limbic system; left frontal lobe for positive emotions, right for negative |
| HPA axis & cortisol/glucocorticoid | these are triggered by chronic stress and cause harm in the long term |
| Seyle's general adaptation syndrome | alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion |
| gender differences in response to acute stressors | women "tend and befriend" men withdraw and become aggressive |
| problem-focused coping | tries to directly change the stressor or how we interact with it |
| emotion-focused coping | tries to relieve the emotional impact of a stressful situation |
| effects of chronic stress | poor nutrition and sleep, immune suppression, heart disease, headaches & the like |
| individual factors for stress response | type A personality types and pessimists tend to respond to stress negatively |
| Robert Sapolsky and stress and social status | observed baboons, found they have social pressures and hierarchy. Dominant baboons and low stress, submissive baboons had high stress |
| social status, stress, and food intake | socially subordinate female monkeys had higher stress and ate more than dominant females |
| Fetal Origins of Adult Disease | prenatal stress causes poor stress response, disrupted brain development, anxiety, and obesity |
| chronic stress and aging | damages telomeres and speeds up aging process |
| positive psychology | focuses on subjective well being |
| money and happiness | positive correlation between emotional well being and income up to a threshold of around $75,000 |
| genie | language acquisition of first language nearly impossible after age 13 |
| newborns' language abilities | pre-vocal learning 2-4 months, babbling 6 months |
| language development | first words at 1 year, telegraphic speech (two words) by 2 years, longer sentences and humor at 4 and 5 years old |
| Infant-directed speech & 4 melodies | caregiver's communication with infant: attention, approval, prohibition, and comfort melodies |
| broca's area | area of the brain for language production |
| wernicke's area | area of the brain for language comprehension |
| aphasia | condition where there is severe language impairment |
| broca aphasia | can only use telegraphic speech |
| wernicke's aphasia | difficulty understanding spoken and written speech |
| brain activity of bilingual individuals | adults who learned a second language later in life showed more bilateral brain activity than adults who learned two languages between the first three years of their life |
| crystallized intelligence | factual knowledge about the world |
| fluid intelligence | the ability to think on the spot to solve problems |
| WAIS | Weschsler Adult Intelligence Scale-most common IQ tests |
| IQ distribution | normal distribution; average of 100 with standard deviation of 15 points |
| Flynn effect | intelligence scores have steadily risen over the years |
| general critiques of IQ tests | reflect cultural knowledge and values of dominant cultures, susceptible to stereotype threats |
| Freud's perspective of how our personalities develop | interplay of conscious and unconscious processes |
| iceberg principle | consciousness is only the tip of the iceberg that is the mind |
| defense mechanisms | ways we suppress unacceptable wishes, types are; regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement, and denial |
| flaws with freud's personality ideas | unrepresentative sampling, biased observations, unfalsifiable |
| psychoanalysis | techniques for revealing the unconscious mind |
| id | devil, primal instincts |
| superego | angel, morality |
| ego | referee, logical |
| defense mechanisms | regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement, denial |
| humanistic perspective | focuses on the inherent goodness of people and healthy growth |
| maslow's hierarchy of needs | physiological, safety, belonging and love, esteem, and lastly self-actualization |
| positive self-concept | when your idea of the ideal self and your true self are similar |
| external locus | fate is beyond our control |
| internal locus | we control our fate |
| big five traits | openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism (ocean) |
| automatic mimicry | contagious yawning, adopting regional accents, empathetic shifts in mood, adopting coping styles |
| influence of group | we adopt the social norms rather than using our own judgments |
| what characterizes a mental disorder? | clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion or behavior |
| comorbidity | people diagnosed with one psychological disorder are often diagnosed with another |
| DSM5 | most recent edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders |
| phobia | persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation, affects ~9% of population |
| social anxiety disorder | fear or anxiety about social situations where the individual is exposed to scrutiny by others, affects 7% of population |
| generalized anxiety disorder | free floating anxiety, affects ~3% of population |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | persistence of unwanted thoughts that the individual tries to ignore by engaging in compulsive behavior, affects ~1% of population |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | recurrent memories, dreams, flashbacks, and avoidance of stimuli after exposure to a traumatic event, affects 3.6% of men and 9.7% of women |
| major depressive disorder | recurrent major depressive episodes, effect 1 in 4 women and 1 in 10 men |
| bipolar disorder | alternation between depression and mania, affects ~1-3% of population |
| schizophrenia | disorganized thinking & speech, delusions, hallucinations, abnormal motor behavior, and negative symptoms, affecting 0.5% of the population |
| phobia treatment | exposure therapies |
| depressed brain | decreased activity on left prefrontal cortex with increased activity on right, low levels of serotonin, reduction of neurogenesis |
| treatments for depression | drugs such as prozac and cognitive restructuring such as challenging negative self talk |
| brain abnormalities with schizophrenia | dopamine over activity |
Created by:
becca95
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