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hartwein final
procedures
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Who discovered x-rays | Wilhelm roentgen |
| In what country were x-rays discovered? | Germany |
| What month were x-rays discovered? | November |
| What day were x-rays discovered? | 8th |
| The symbol "X" in mathematic represents: | an unknown quantity |
| Kilovolt Peak (kVp) is associated with which of the following? | energy |
| Milliampere (mA) is associated with which of the following | intensity |
| Who was credited with the development of the fluoroscope? | Edison |
| Who was counted as the first x-ray fatality in the United States? | Clarence Dally |
| The part of the radiographic system that produces the x-rays is the | x-ray tube |
| The device that supports the x-ray tube and allows it to be moved in different directions is the | tube stand |
| Which direction(s) can the tube travel? | Longitudinal, Transverse< Vertical |
| The metric sixe for the 14X17 inch IR is: | 35 X43 |
| The film record produced to visualize the internal structures of the body is called: | radiograph |
| The process and procedures for producing a radiograph is: | radiography |
| Which of the following are often used interchangeably? | x-ray film and radiograph |
| The device that captures the radiographic image is the | image receptor (IR) film/screen cassette |
| Anatomic side markers must be placed correctly on some radiographic images. | false |
| The patient's anatomic reference position is: | erect |
| Radiation protection measures should include: | shielding, time, distance |
| The oblique plane is parallel to the sagittal, coronal and horizontal plane | false |
| The midsagittal plane can also be referred to as the ______ plane. | median |
| Which of the following are longitudinal planes? | coronal, sagittal |
| Which of the followi8ng planes divides the body into superior and inferior portions | axial |
| Which of the following is at a right angle to the frontal plane? | sagittal plane |
| The ventral surface of the body is the _______ surface. | anterior |
| The posterior surface of the body can be referred to as the: | dorsal surface |
| The CR exits through the ventral surface of a patient. What projection is this? | PA |
| The CR is perpendicular to which plane on a lateral projection? | longitudinal and coronal |
| Which plane will be parallel to the IR when the patient's back is closest to the IR? | Longitudinal and sagittal |
| Which area is closest to the IR on an LAO? | Left anterior |
| Patient is placed in a RPO position What side is he laying on? | dorsal |
| A patient is a recumbent position with the head higher than the feet is the: | Fowler position |
| The direction or path of the CR of the x=-ray beam defines the positioning term: | projection |
| A thin patient would have what type of body habitus? | Asthenic |
| What can be done to limit repeat exposures? | Effective communication and Careful positioning of the patient |
| Which of the following is the protective framework for the thorax? | bony thorax |
| The medial portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs is called the: | mediastinum |
| What is the minimum number of ribs that should be seen on a PA chest | 10 posterior ribs |
| Which of the following is not part of the respiratory system? | trachea |
| CXR means | chest x-ray |
| the trachea is located ____ to the esophagus. | anteriorly |
| Where will the CR exit on a PA chest? | ventrally and anteriorly |
| What should be the SID for a PA erect chest? | 72 inches |
| At what level should the CR be centered for a left lateral erect chest? | T7 |
| The plural cavity is associated with which of the following | lungs |
| The fundamental unit of all living things is (are) the: | cell |
| The control center of a cell is the | nucleus |
| The chemical process in a cell that includes both catabolism and anabolism is: | metabolism |
| Which of the following is a muscle that separates the abdominal cavity form the thoracic cavity? | diaphragm |
| The central ray on a lateral chest should enter at a level 3 to 4 inches below the: | jugular notch |
| On a lateral chest, what plane of the body is parallel to the IR? | midsagittal |
| Which of the following is true about the CR on erect Lt. lateral chest position? | CR will enter the right side and CR is perpendicular to the IR |
| A lateral chest radiograph demonstrates that the soft tissue of the upper limbs is superimposed over the apices of the lungs. How can this positioning error be corrected? | raise upper limbs higher |
| What should the SID be on a seated erect lateral chest? | 72 inches |
| At what level should the CR be centered for an AP projection of the chest? | T7 and 2 to 4 inches below jugular notch |
| Where will the CR exit on a AP supine or AP semierect chest projection? | dorsal |
| Which chest position would best demonstrate pleural effusion in the right lung? | right lateral decubitus |
| What type of beam should be used to show air-fluid levels? | horizontal |
| If the patient's conditions allows, all chest x-rays should be taken in the erect position? | true |
| A patient has fluid in the pleural cavity of the left lung. What body position would be recommended? | left lateral decub |
| On an erect AP projection of the chest, what is the orientation of CR to the IR? | perpendicular |
| Where should the clavicles appear on an AP Lordotic projection of the chest? | above the apices |
| How much CR angulation is required on an AP supine semiaxial Lordotic chest projection? | 20 degrees |
| What is the SID for a lateral position: upper airway? | 72 in. |
| Why is it necessary to make exposure during a slow, deep inspiration for the upper airway exam? | make sure trachea is filled with air |
| The diaphragm separate which two cavities? | thoracic and abdominal |
| Which of the following is not part of the digestive organs of the abdominal cavity? | mouth |
| What is the Greek word for stomach? | gaster |
| The right colic (hepatic) flexure is located in which quadrant of the abdomen? | RUQ |
| The LLQ has which of the following in its location? | sigmoid colon |
| Which of the following is NOT one of the nine abdominal regions? | RUQ |
| Which topographic landmark is located posteriorly? | ischial tuberosity |
| The superior margin of the abdomen can sometime be located at which topographic landmark? | xiphoid process |
| The iliac crest landmark is associated with which of the following? | L4-L5 vertebral interspace, umbilicus,midabdome |
| Which of the following bears the weight of the patient in the seated position? | greater trochanter |
| Good radiation practices when radiographing the abdomen include which of the following? | limit repeats, collimation, careful positioning |
| What type of patient will require two 14X17 inches image receptors placed crosswise? | hypersthenic |
| What is the SID for an AP projection - supine abdomen? | 40 inches |
| If an iliac wing is elongated on an AP projection-supine abdomen, this could be a sign of | rotation |
| What can be done to assist in preventing motion n an AP projection - supine abdomen? | make exposure 1 second after instruction patient to hold breath on expiration |
| Where will the central ray exit on a PA projection of the abdomen? | anteriorly |
| What is the patient position for a PA projection of the abdomen? | prone and recumbent |
| The CR will be directed where for a PA projection of the abdomen? | perpendicular to the IR, center of IR and level of iliac crest |
| The CR will be centered where for a lateral decubitus position (AP) projection for the abdomen? | 2 inches above the level of the iliac crest |
| Which of the following should be included on a left lateral decubitus position (AP) projection for the abdomen? | diaphragm and rt. side of abdomen |
| Which should be done first if the patient comes to the department ambulatory or in a wheelchair? | AP projection - erect abdomen |
| Which landmark corresponds with the inferior margin of the abdomen? | symphysis pubis |
| The peritoneum surrounds the: | abdominal organs |
| How many pairs of salivary glands surround the oral cavity? | 3 |
| What happens when deglutition occurs? | epiglottis closes over trachea |
| Ingestion and/or digestion foes not occur in which of the following? | pharynx |
| Which of the following parts of the duodenum is the descending portion? | third |
| During fluoroscopy what radiation protection procedures should the technologist practice? | wear protective apron of 0.5 PB-Eq and fully extend the Bucky slot shield |
| Which of the following can reduce exposure to the hands of the fluoroscopist during fluoroscopy? | compression paddle and lead gloves |
| Which abdominal region contains the rectum? | pubic |
| Which of the following soft tissue structures can be visualized on a properly exposed KUB? | Kidneys and Psoas muscle |
| The mechanical process of breathing can be referred to as: | respiration |
| Which of the following is an accessory organ of the alimentary tract? | Liver, Pancreas, Gallbladder, Salivary glands |
| Inflammation of the pancreas could be: | pancreatitis |
| The liver is located primarily in the | RUQ |
| The uvula is part of the | soft palate |
| The act of swallowing is defined as: | deglutition |
| The pharynx has three parts, Identify the three parts in order, starting with the superior part? | nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx |
| What prevents the food mass from going up into the trachea? | epiglottis |
| The esophagus is located _____ to the trachea. | posterior |
| What is the term for the longitudinal mucosal folds found within the stomach? | rugae |
| With the patient in the prone position for an UGI, where will the barium be located? | body of pylorus |
| Which aspect of the stomach is attached to the duodenum? | pylorus |
| Which division of the duodenum contains the duodenal bulb or cap? | superior |
| Once food enters the stomach and is mixed with gastric secretions, this mixture can be referred to as | chyme |
| With the patient in the erect position, the stomach lies high and transverse in which body habitus? | hypersthenic |
| What is the classification of barium sulfate as a contrast media? | radiopaque |
| What type of solution is formed when barium is mixed with water? | colloidal suspension |
| Which of the following patient care concerns would prevent the use of an oral water soluble iodinated contrast medium? | The patient is sensitive to iodine |
| Two indentations are usually seen in the esophagus during an esophagram. These indentations are caused by | Aortic arch and left primary bronchus |
| Which of the following devices reduces gonadal radiation exposure during fluoroscopy for the radiologist and technologist? | bucky slot cover |
| Lead aprons worn during fluoroscopy should be a minimum: | 0.5 mm lead equivalent |
| A large outpouching of the proximal esophagus above the upper esophageal sphincter is termed: | Zenker diverticulum |
| Gastritis is defined as inflammation of the | stomach |
| Why would a patient undergo the Valsalva maneuver during an esophagram? | to demonstrate esophageal reflux |
| Which of the following procedures will not demonstrate possible esophageal reflux? | Reverse Trendelenburg method |
| Patient preparation for an esophagram includes: | Patient preparation is not needed as long as an upper GI series is not scheduled to follow the esophagram |
| Centering of the central ray for an esophagram should be to the vertebrae level of: | T5-T6 |
| How much obliquity (rotation) is required on the RAO position for an esophagram? | 35-40 degrees |
| The RAO position of the esophagus is preferred over the LAO because it: | increases the visibility of the esophagus between the vertebrae and heart. |
| What type of breathing instructions should be given to the patient during an esophagram using a thin barium mixture? | Suspended inspiration after the last swallow |
| Which body position will allow for better visualization of the upper esophagus? | swimmer's lateral |
| What is the SID for a recumbent esophagram? | 100cm |
| The LAO position for an esophagram requires how much rotation? | 40 degrees |
| What size IR will be used for an esophagram on a hyposthenic patient? | 35cm X 43cm |
| Which of the following esophagram projections and /or positions will project the majority of the esophagus over the spine? | AP |
| Which of the following could increase gastric secretion during the NPO period? | gum chewing and smoking |
| Which method of performing an UGI will best demonstrate the mucosal lining of the stomach? | double contrast method |
| Which of the following upper GI projections and / or positions will best fill the body and pylorus with barium? | right lateral and PA |
| A hypersthenic patient would require how much obliquity (rotation) on a RAO position for an UGI? | 70 degrees |
| A right lateral position on an UGI should demonstrate: | the retrogastric space |
| What is the SID on a LPO for an UGI? | 40 inches |
| A hypersthenic patient would require how much obliquity (rotation) on a LPO position for an UGI? | 70 degrees |
| The CR will enter posteriorly for the "overheads" on the LPO position for an UGI. | false |
| Bile is produced in the: | liver |
| Which of the following separates the right and left lobes of the liver? | falciform ligament |
| The right and left hepatic ducts join and form the: | Common hepatic duct |
| Bile enters what section of the small intestines? | duodenum |
| A special fiberoptic endoscope commonly used for an ERCP is the: | duodenoscope |
| Examination of the biliary tree and pre-operative planning are both uses of the ________ function of an ERCP. | Diagnostic |
| Hypersensitivity to iodine is a contraindication to an ERCP. | true |
| Which of the following are responsibilities of the technologist during an ERCP? | Prepare fluoroscopy suite, Take scout images, and Take overhead images |
| The duct leading from the gallbladder is the: | cystic duct |
| The liver has _______ lobes. | 4 |
| The average length of the combined sections of small bowel is approximately: | 23 feet |
| Which portion of the small bowel is the shortest? | Duodenum |
| During an enteroclysis procedure, a catheter is advanced to the | duodenojeunal flexure |
| Which type of body habitus may require 2 14X17 cross-wise cassettes for an AP Barium enema exam? | hypersthenic |
| Shielding is not recommended for examinations of the large intestine. | true |
| What is the SID for a small bowel series? | 40 inches |
| What are the parts (in order) of the small intestines? | duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
| The ileocecal valve is located in which quadrant? | RLQ |
| The jejunum is located in which quadrant(S) | LUQ,LLQ |
| Contrast will leave the small intestines via the: | ileocecal valve |
| Digestive movement of the large intestines includes which of the following? | defecation, rhythmic segmentation, haustral churning |
| Which of the following is not part of the large intestines? | ileum |
| The vermiform appendix is attached to the: | cecum |
| Where does the large intestine begin? | RLQ |
| What are the digestive functions of the large intestine? | elimination, defecation |
| barium sulfate is a: | suspension |
| A drug that can stimulate the evacuation of the bowels is a: | laxative and cathartic |
| Which of the following are radiolucent contrast agents? | room air and carbon dioxide |
| Before tip insertion for a BE, what is the required position of the patient? | Sims |
| The height of the enema bag should not exceed ____ inches form the table top. | 24 |
| What size IR will be used for a small bowel series? | 14X17 and 35X43cm |
| contraindications to BaSO4 a small bowel series are: | presurgical patients and perforated hollow viscus |
| A 2 hour small bowel radiograph is needed. What is the location of the CR? | at the level of the iliac crest |
| Which position can result in compression and a more uniform radiographic density of the entire abdomen during a small bowel series? | prone |
| Once the barium reaches the ______ this can signal completion of the small bowel series. | cecum |
| The SID for a PA projection barium enema is: | 40 inches 100cm |
| The RAO position for a barium enema should not exceed: | 45 degrees |
| The right colic flexure, ascending colon and the sigmoid are seen open in which position for a barium enema: | RAO |
| The amount of rotation for a LPO (for barium enema) should be a minimum of: | 35 degrees |
| The central ray should be centered were for a lateral rectum position? | Level of ASIS |
| On a right lateral decubitus (Barium enema- double contrast) what parts of the colon will be on the "upside"? | left colic flexure and descending colon |
| Which plane should be parallel with the IR for a left lateral decubitus position? | midcoronal and coronal |
| The post evacuation radiograph demonstrates which of the following? | large intestine mucosal pattern |
| How much angulation should be used for an AP Axial projection during a BE? | 30-40 |
| Which projection is used to elongate the rectosigmoid area of the large intestine? | AP Axial |
| Why should the tube be dropped when angling 5 degrees or more? | maintain SID |
| Necrosis of the bowel can occur in which the following conditions? | intussusception volvulus |
| The kidneys and ureters are located in the _____ space. | retroperitoneal |
| The total capacity for the adult bladder is: | 350 to 500ml |
| The kidneys lie posterior to the spleen and liver, and anterior to the ribs. | true |
| Which of the following may be used to reduce intestinal spasms during a barium enema? | lidocaine and Glucagon |
| Functions of the urinary system include: | Removal of nitrogenous waste, Regulate water levels, Regulate electrolyte levels |
| Anxiety, nausea and mild urticarial are symptoms of which kind of contras reaction? | Vasomotor |
| 70% of reactions to IV contrast will occur within: | 5 minutes |
| A patient measures 36 cm at the level of the mid abdomen. At what level would you take your first tomographic "cut"? | 12cm |
| Which ureterovesical junction will be visualized on an LPO? | The right |
| Vasovagal reactions do not require immediate attention. | false |
| Which of the following are not effects of non-ionic contrast media | Separates into ions when injected and Increases blood osmolality |
| Nephrons are found in which section of the kidney? | Cortex |
| LPO and RPO for an IVU should be rotated how many degrees? | 30 |
| Which of the following true when charging a mobile x-ray unit? | Charge unit for at least 8 hours if fully discharged, employ parking break when charging, can be charged with 10 to 220 volts |
| A lead apron should always be worn by the technologist when performing a mobile radiographic exam. | true |
| Where is the central ray centered for a portable AP chest x-ray? | level T7 |
| Excessive caudal angulation will cause the clavicle to be projected above apices on a portable AP chest x-ray? (true-false) | False |
| What is the central ray placement for a left lateral decubitus PA projection of the abdomen? | 2 inches above iliac crest |
| How many bones make up the phalanges (fingers and thumb)? | 14 |
| What is the most proximal part of a phalanx? | base |
| The joints between the metacarpals and the phalanges are the: | metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint |
| What is the total number of carpal bones? | 27 |
| The 4th and 5th metacarpals articulate with which carpal bone? | hamate |
| The ________ bone is the smallest carpal bone in the proximal row? | pisiform |
| The ______ is the most common fractured carpal bone? | scaphoid |
| In the erect anatomical position which of the following is located on the lateral side? | radius and trapezium |
| What is the location of the medial head? | proximal radius |
| Which of the following is a breaklike process of the proximal ulna? | coronoid process |
| The forearm radiographed in an AP projection will place the hand in which of the following positions? | supinated and palm up |
| Ulnar deviation demonstrates carpal bones on the: | radial side and lateral side |
| Which of the following movements separates the proximal radius and ulna? | lateral rotation |
| The CR for a PA projection of the finger is directed toward the: | PIP joint |
| What should be the position of the hand and fingers for a PA projection of the finger? | pronated and extended |
| Open interphalangeal joint spaces indicate which of the following? | phalanges are parallel to film |
| The CR should be directed toward the _____ joint on an AP projection of the thumb? | 1st MCP |
| What carpal bone should be visualized on an AP projection for the thumb? | trapezium |
| Which position of the thumb is achieved naturally by placing the palmer surface of the hand in contact with the IR? | PA oblique |
| What is the major disadvantage of performing a PA projection of the thumb rather an AP? | increased OID |
| What should be done to aid in positioning of an oblique thumb? | abduct thumb |
| Where is the central ray directed for a PA projection of the hand? | 3rd MCP joint |
| What is the orientation of the hand for a PA hand projection? | pronated |
| The hand and wrist should be rotated _____ for a PA oblique projection. | 45 medially |
| A radiograph of a PA oblique of the hand reveals the mid aspect of the third, fourth and fifth metacarpals are superimposed. What must be done to correct this positioning error on the repeat exposure? | decrease rotation of the hand |
| The AP oblique bilateral projection: hand for the "ball catcher's" position can also be referred to as the | Norgaard's method |
| The CR is directed to the _____ for a "fan lateral" hand? | 2nd MCP joint |
| In ordered to reduce the carpal bones OID for a PA projection of the wrist, what should be done? | arch hand slightly |
| Where is the CR directed for a PA projection of the wrist? | midcarpal area |
| The hand and wrist should be rotate no more than ___ for a PA oblique projection of the wrist | 45 degrees |
| How much are the hand and wrist elevated from the IR for the modified Stecher method? | 20 degrees |
| The hand and wrist will be rotated ___ internally for the Gaynor-Hart method. | 10 degrees |
| The CR is directed ____ to the long axis of the hand for the Gaynor-Hart method? | 30 degrees |
| The AP projection of the forearm requires the arm to be fully ___ and hand ____. | extended, supinated |
| What should be the amount of elbow flexion for the lateral forearm position? | 90 degrees |
| What basic projections are required for a forearm radiographic series? | AP and lateral |
| What can be palpated to assist in positioning a true AP projection of the elbow? | epicondyles |
| What should be done to obtain an AP projection of the elbow if the patient is not able to fully extend the elbow? | take only the lateral projection |
| What structure should be visualized free of superimposition for an AP oblique projection lateral (external) rotation of the elbow? | radial neck, radial tubercle(tuberosity) |
| Which of the following could demonstrate proper positioning of the lateral elbow on a radiograph? | humeral epicondyles superimposed and three concentric arcs visualized |
| Which of the following are safety features for a battery-powered, battery driven mobile (portable) unit? | "dead man" switch and 6 feet exposure cord switch |
| Which of the following are features of a mobile (portable) c-arm fluoroscopy unit? | image enhancement, digital storage, and image hold feature |
| Which of the following are fat pads that are visible on a lateral elbow? | anterior, supinator, posterior |
| How much tube angulation is required for a Modified Roberts AP projection of the thumb? | 15 degrees |
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dcausey
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