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Psy Learning Ch. 3
Psychology of Learning Ch. 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| appetitive conditioning | Conditioning procedure in which the US is an event that an organism approaches or seeks out |
| aversive conditioning | Conditioning procedure in which the US is an event that an organism avoids |
| backward conditioning | Conditioning procedure in which the onset of the NS follows the onset of the US |
| classical conditioning | A process whereby one stimulus that does not elicit a certain response is associated with a second stimulus that does; as a result, the first stimulus also comes to elicit a response |
| conditioned response (CR) | The response, often similar to the unconditioned response, that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus |
| conditioned stimulus (CS) | Any stimulus that, although initially neutral, comes to elicit a response because it has been associated with an unconditioned stimulus |
| delayed conditioning | Conditioning procedure in which the onset of the NS precedes the onset of the US, and the two stimuli overlap |
| dishabituation | The reappearance of a habituated response to a stimulus following the presentation of another, seemingly irrelevant novel stimulus |
| excitatory conditioning | Conditioning procedure in which the NS is associated with the presentation of a US |
| fixed action pattern | A fixed sequence of responses elicited by a specific stimulus |
| flexion response | The automatic response of jerking one’s hand or foot away from a hot or sharp object |
| habituation | A decrease in the strength of an elicited behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus |
| inhibitory conditioning | Conditioning procedure in which the NS is associated with the absence or removal of a US |
| opponent-process theory | A theory proposing that an emotional event elicits two competing processes: (1) an a-process (primary process) directly elicited by the event, and (2) a b-process (opponent process) that is elicited by the a-process and serves to counteract the a-process |
| orienting response | The automatic positioning of oneself to facilitate attending to a stimulus |
| reflex | A relatively simple, involuntary response to a stimulus |
| reflex arc | A neural structure that underlies many reflexes and consists of a sensory neuron, an interneuron, and a motor neuron |
| sensitization | An increase in the strength of an elicited response following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus |
| sign stimulus (or releaser | A specific stimulus that elicits a fixed action pattern |
| simultaneous conditioning | Conditioning procedure in which the onset of the NS and the onset of the US are simultaneous |
| startle response | A defensive reaction to a sudden, unexpected stimulus, which involves automatic tightening of skeletal muscles and various hormonal and visceral changes |
| trace conditioning | Conditioning procedure in which the onset and offset of the NS precede the onset of the US |
| unconditioned response (UR) | The response that is naturally elicited by the unconditioned stimulus without any prior learning |
| unconditioned stimulus (US) | A stimulus that naturally elicits a response without any prior learning |
| The word elicited refers to behaviors that are largely ___. | automatic |
| The red belly of the male Stickleback fish is a ___ stimulus for an aggressive display by another male. | sign |
| During the spring, the male Boogie Bird engages in a stereotypic dance sequence whenever it sees a female. The female is best described as a ___ while the dance sequence is a ___. | sign stimulus; fixed action pattern |
| A deer's tendency to run in a zigzag pattern in front of a car is ___. | fixed action pattern |
| A weakening of behavior is to ___ as a strengthening of behavior is to ___. | habituation; sensitization |
| When workers down the street began using a jackhammer, the dog reacted with fright at the unusual noise. An hour later, however, it was fast asleep, though the noise level remained the same. This is an example of ___. | habituation |
| A very faint vibration (as in a moving car) is likely to result in ___, while an extremely strong vibration (as in an earthquake) is likely to result in ___. | habituation; sensitization |
| The process of ___ tends to ___. | habituation; be stimulus specific AND sensitization; generalize to other stimuli |
| You hate having your teeth drilled at the dentist's office. According to the opponent-process theory, your heart rate will likely ___ during the drilling, while directly following the drilling your heart rate will likely ___. | rise above normal; drop below normal |
| Classical conditioning is also known as ___. | Pavlovian conditioning AND respondent conditioning |
| In his early investigations, Pavlov noted that a moist edible substance placed in a dog's mouth elicited a ___. | small amount of slimy saliva |
| In Pavlov's basic classical conditioning procedure, the sound of a metronome eventually becomes a(n) ___. | conditioned stimulus |
| Seema once received a shock while plugging in her toaster, and is now quite fearful each time she uses it. In this example, the toaster was originally a(n) ___ stimulus with respect to fear. | neutral |
| Seema once received a shock while plugging in her toaster, and is now quite anxious each time she uses it. In this example, the shock was a(n) ___ stimulus. | unconditioned |
| Svitlana once received a bite while handling her hamster, and is now quite fearful each time she handles it. In this example, the hamster has become a(n) ___ stimulus. | conditioned |
| Svitlana once received a bite while handling her hamster, and is now quite anxious each time she handles it. In this example, her fear of the hamster is a(n) ___ response. | conditioned |
| Tamsen once became ill while riding in the back seat of a car. Now, whenever she rides in the back seat of a car, she feels nauseous. Riding in the back seat is now a ___ for nausea. | CS |
| A rat freezes when a snake passes by. This is most similar to which procedure? | conditioned suppression procedure |
| In a standard CER procedure, the CR is ___. | fear |
| Kandis loves her aunt's desserts and salivates when she visits her. This is an example of ___ conditioning. Kandis salivates less when her health-conscious sister is there, since her aunt never serves dessert then. This is an example of ___ conditioning. | excitatory; inhibitory |
| The offset of the NS precedes the onset of the US. This statement describes a ___ conditioning procedure. | trace |
| With which conditioning procedure would a memory deficit be most problematic? | trace conditioning |
| In which type of conditioning procedure does the NS provide no additional information concerning the US? | simultaneous |
| In trying to associate a tone with an electric shock, we present the tone at exactly the same time as the shock. This type of procedure is called ___ conditioning. | simultaneous |
| We first present a shock followed by a tone. This is an example of a ___ conditioning procedure, which is ___ to be effective. | backward; unlikely |
| In which type of conditioning procedure is a "biologically relevant" NS likely to produce a conditioned fear response when other types of NSs will not? | backward |
| This type of conditioning procedure can sometimes result in inhibitory conditioning. | backward |
| In Pavlov's basic classical conditioning procedure, salivating in response to the food is a(n) ___. | unconditioned response |
| In his early investigations, Pavlov noted that a dry inedible substance placed in a dog's mouth elicited a ___. | large amount of watery saliva |
| When you first move to your new home, you are quite bothered by the sound of aircraft taking off from the military base nearby. After a few weeks, however, you hardly notice it. This is an example of ___. | long-term habituation |
| In ___ conditioning, the ___ is an event that is usually considered pleasant or satisfying. | appetitive; US |
| The association of an NS with the removal of a US is known as ___ conditioning. | inhibitory |
| Feeling relaxed while walking your pet lion through a dangerous neighborhood is best described as an example of ___. | inhibitory conditioning |
| The process of ___ tends to ___. | sensitization; generalize to other stimuli |
| A(n) ___ stimulus is a stimulus that naturally elicits a response. | unconditioned |
| A ___ is a fixed sequence of responses elicited by a specific stimulus. | fixed action pattern |
| I feel a bite and then see a dog that bit me. This is an example of a ___ conditioning procedure which is ___ to be effective. | backward; likely |
| A ___ is a specific stimulus that elicits a fixed action pattern. | releaser AND sign stimulus |
| To get rid of an unwanted admirer, Amanda wore no deodorant all day and then exercised heavily without showering before going out on a date with him. This is best described as an example of ___. | excitatory conditioning |
| Vinita eventually stopped noticing that the student next to her was sniffling. At one point, the lights in the room went off, when she again noticed the sniffling. The reappearance of her reaction to the sniffling is best described as an example of ___. | dishabituation |
Created by:
Graceful666