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Pharmacology
ENDOCRINE Anti Diabetic Agents
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the drug class for anti diabetic agents known as? | Insulin |
| Insulin is the major fuel regulating hormone formed in the ___ cells of the ___ of Langerhans | beta cells; pancreatic islets |
| ____is secreted into the blood in response to a rise in concentration of blood glucose or amino acids | Insulin |
| Insulin is the primary treatment for Type _____ DM | Type 1 DM |
| The primary therapeutic effects is to maintain normal ___ levels which is _____ | Glucose; 60-120 mg/dl |
| What are the three factor of insulin therapy that are important? | 1. Onset 2. Peak 3. Duration |
| ____ is the time required for the medication to have an initial effect or action. | Onset |
| ____ is when the agent will have the maximum effect | Peak |
| ___ is the length of time that the agent remains active in the body | Duration |
| Replace endogenous (produced within) insulin deficiency Increase glucose transport across muscle and fat cell membranes are ___ of _____ | Actions of Insulin |
| Promote conversion of glucose to glycogen Trigger amino acid uptake and conversion to protein in muscle cells Inhibit protein breakdown are ___ of _____ | Actions of Insulin |
| What are the therapeutic uses of Insulin? | Replace endogenous (produced within) insulin deficiency Increase glucose transport across muscle and fat cell membranes Promote conversion of glucose to glycogen |
| What are the last two therapeutic uses of Insulin? | Trigger amino acid uptake and conversion to protein in muscle cells Inhibit protein breakdowd |
| Hypoglycemia (blood glucose levels below 50 mg/dl) is the most serious adverse effect of insulin therapy Hypoglycemia may result from an insulin overdose & may lead to shock & possible death are side effects of ___. | Insulin |
| Tachycardia, palpitations Headache, lethargy, tremors, weakness Blurred vision, dry mouth, hunger, nausea Cold, clammy skin Rash, excess of fat or decrease of fat at injection site are side effects of ___. | Insulin |
| Epinephrine, diuretics, decongestants, marijuana, dilantin and thyroid preparations increase the blood glucose level (cause hyperglycemia) Acetaminophen, salicylates & alcohol decrease the blood glucose level (cause hypoglycemia) interactions are for __ | Insulin |
| Acetaminophen, salicylates and alcohol ____the blood glucose level causing ____. | decrease ; hypoglycemia |
| Insulin is ____ acting | Rapid acting |
| Rapid acting insulin has a ___ solution | Clear |
| Rapid acting Insulin is given ____, usually within ___ minutes of beginning a meal. | subcut; 15 minutes |
| Rapid acting Insulin is contraindicated in patients with episodes of ____ | hypoglycemia |
| Lispro (hymalog), Aspart ( Novolo) are _____ insulin | Rapid acting Inuslin |
| The follow are for what two drugs? Contraindicated in patients with episodes of hypoglycemia Lispro (Humalog), Aspart (Novolog) onset: 5 to 15 minutes peak: 0.5 to 2 hrs duration: 4 to 6 hrs | Lispro (hymalog), Aspart ( Novolo) |
| Acetaminophen, salicylates and alcohol decrease the blood glucose level (cause _____) | hypoglycemia |
| ____ insulin is the only insulin that can be given as continuous intravenous (I.V.) solution | (Short acting) |
| ___ acting insulin is used in medical emergencies | Short acting |
| ___ acting insulin have sources from pork and human. | Short acting |
| What are three types of short acting insulin? | Humulin R, Novolin R, Regular Iletin II |
| The following are for ____ insulin. onset: 0.5 to 1 hr peak: 2 to 4 hrs duration: about 8 hrs | Short acting |
| When regular insulin is administered _____breakfast, hypoglycemia is expected____lunch | before ;before |
| ______acting inulin is given _____ usually ___ minutes ___ breakfast and has a ____ solution. | Intermediate ; subcut; 30 minutes; before; cloudy |
| Human NPH, Lente Onset: 1 to 2 hrs Peak: 4 to 8 hrs Duration: 10-18 hrs are a ___ acting insulin. | Intermediate acting Insulin |
| Intermediate acting insulin is ____ combined with _____ insulin | often; regular |
| ___ acting insulin is ___ used; most frequently combined with ___ acting insulin to provide control through the day and night and has a ___solution | Long acting; rapid acting insulin; cloudy |
| Humulin U Ultralente is a ____ acting insulin. | Long acting insulin |
| Insulin Glargine (Lantus) is a ___ acting insulin. | Long acting |
| Glargine (Lantus) has a __ duration of action; __ to __ hours | long duration; 12 to 24 hours |
| Glargine ( Lantus) ____ peak | Does not |
| Glargine ( Lantus) is given only at ____ | bedtime |
| Glargine (Lantus) is ___ mixed with ____ insulin product | not mixed; any other |
| Glargine (Lantus) has a usually ____ solution | clear |
| Patients may take a rapid-acting insulin for increased glucose levels that occur after meals( postprandial) and an intermediate or long-acting insulin for in between meals when the glucose levels are less this is known as a ___ combination | Fixed combination |
| In U.S.A., premixed syringes ___, ____, and ____) are available | (50/50, 70/30, and 75/25) |
| Subcutaneous regular (either short acting or rapid acting) insulin doses are adjusted according to blood glucose test results is known as ___ scale insulin. | Sliding scale insulin |
| Blood glucose levelved checked ___ or ___ hours or at specific times | Q4 or Q6 |
| subcut administered regular insulin is then ordered in an amount that ___ with the ___ in blood glucose | increases;increase |
| Before starting a standardized regimen of____, diet & physical exercise level must be stabilized | insulin therapy |
| ____insulin ___be given ___ | All ; May ; subcutaneously |
| ____ acting insulin is often used to initiate therapy | Intermediate |
| Daily dose may be split into 2 doses: 2/3 given in morning ___ breakfast 1/3 given _____before supper in evening | before; 30 minutes |
| The vial should be gently rolled in the palms of the hands – not ___ | shaken |
| When you store you must store insulin in ____ until opened, then kept at ____ if used within a ___ | refrigerator; room temperature; month |
| ___ use insulin that is ___ or ___ its ___ date | Never;discolored; past; expiration |
| Regular & NPH pre-filled mixture may be stored for ____months Self-mixed stored up to ____ in refrigerator | 2 to 3 ;30 days |
| Regular & lente combination should be used ____ after mixing | immediately |
| Confirm blood glucose level was acceptable for the individual patient Confirm that the patient has had a level of activity reasonable for the individual patient | are pre medication assessment |
| Make sure that the patient is eating & no changes in diet are anticipated Check the order 3 times before administering the medication | are pre medication assessment |
| Always have another licensed nurse check the injection you prepare to be sure it is in accordance with the physician’s order | are pre medication assessment |
| When ____types of insulin are mixed in the same syringe, the regular (____) insulin is always withdrawn first All insulin may be given subcutaneously; regular insulin is the only insulin used I.V. | two ; clear |
| ____insulin is the only insulin used for a ____scale | Regular ; sliding |
| In the U.S., insulin is dispensed as ____ (1 ml = 100 units of insulin) | U 100 |
| Insulin syringes are calibrated in ___units | 100 |
| Always use an insulin syringe to administer the ____ | injection |
Created by:
jwhite223
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