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Respiratory
Management
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the function of the respiratory system | Facilitate the uptake of oxygen,elimination of carbon dioxide and maintain pH of blood. |
| What is the specific function of the upper respiratory tract | Warm, humidify, cleanse inspired air |
| Dyspnea | Difficult or labored breathing - short of breath. |
| Platypnea | Difficulty breathing unless lying flat |
| Orthopnea | Difficulty breathing unless individual is sitting or standing. Upright position to breath |
| Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea | Sudden shortness of breath occurring several hours after individual lies down(heart is unable to pump circulatory volume i.e. caused by edematous tissue). |
| Cheyne-stokes breathing | Slow, shallow breathing, which rapidly increases in depth and rate. Crescendo-decrescendo pattern is followed by apnea. |
| Biot respirations | Symptomatic of elevated intracranial pressure and meningitis. Breathing pattern characterized by short bursts of uniform, deep respirations, followed by periods of apnea lasting 10 to 30 seconds. |
| OLD CART | Onset, location, duration, character, associated manifestations, relieving factors, treatment. |
| ONSET | when the problem started |
| Location | where pain is situated, shortness of breath, or other symptoms |
| Duration | Time: length of pain, shortness of breath, or other symptoms |
| Character | Character, quantity and quality of pain, shortness of breath or other symptoms |
| Associated manifestations | the setting in which the pain, shortness of breath, or other symptoms. |
| Treatment | any medication or other remedies that relieve or exacerbate shortness of breath. |
| What are four techniques used in respiratory assessment | Inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation. |
| Inspection | observe for use of accessory muscles in back, neck and abdomen. Use of these muscles implies increased work of breathing or diaphragm weakness. |
| Palpation | Examiner uses hands to feel for body movement, lumps, masses, and skin characteristics. Palpation can be light or deep. |
| Percussion | Examiner places finger firmly against a body part and strikes that finger with a fingertip from the other hand. Resulting sounds can suggest normal/abnormal sounds. |
| What are the characteristics of percussion | Flat, dull, resonant, hyper-resonant,tympanic. |
| Auscultation | Involves listening to the body sounds with a stethoscope place on bare skin. |
| What are the two main components of the stethoscope | the diaphragm and the bell. |
| Name the tissue found in the anterior portion of the nasal cavity, oral cavity, orophyarynx and laryngopharynx. | Stratified squamous epithelium |
| What tissue lines the posterior two-thirds of the nasal cavity and tracheobronchial tree. | Pseudosratified columnar ciliated epithelium |
| What cells are found in the bronchioles | Simple cuboidal epithelium |
| What cells are found in the alveoli and pulmoary capillaries that surround the alveoli | Simple squamous epithelium |
| The upper airway consists of the... | Nose, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx. |
| Name the lymphatic tissue of the oropharynx/nasopharynx | Palatine tonsil, adenoid, lingual tonsil. |
| Define and describe nasal flaring | Widening of the nostril during respiratory difficulty. Caused by increased airway resistance(asthma). Lungs that are stiffer -pneumonia. |
| Name the three bony protrusions on the lateral wall of the nasal canal | the superior, middle and inferior nasal turbinates |
| What are the vibrissae | The vibrissae function as a filter and are the tracheobronchial tree's first line of defense. |
| What is the main function of the turbinates. | The turbinates seperate inspired gas into several different airstreams increasing the contact area between inspired air and warm, moist surface of the nasal mucosa. |
| Otitis media | Infection of mucous membranes of the pharynx that spreads through the pharyngotympanic tubes-young children have a shorter tube. |
| what is the average blood volume for a male | 5 to 6 litres |
| what is the average blood volume for a female | 4 to 5 litres |
| composition of whole blood | Plasma 55% Formed elements 45% |
| Plasma is composed of ..... | 91% water, 7% Protein(albumin-57%, globulins-38%, fibrinogen4%, prothrombin1%). Other solutes contain (ions, nutrients, waste products, gases, regulatory substances). |
| what is the function of blood | 1: to transport oxygen to the tissue cells/ carbon dioxide to the lungs; 2: transport nutrients/waste products; 3: transport processed molecules(lactic acid to liver to convert to glucose).4:regulatory hormones.5:pH,osmosis. 6:Temp.7:Defence.8:form clots. |
| Average RBC count male | 5.8 million per mm3 |
| Average RBC count female | 4.8 million per mm3 |
| What is hematocrit | The percentage of RBCs in relation to total blood volume. |
| average hematocrit for males and females | Males - 45% Females 42 % Healthy newborn 45 to 60% |
| where are red blood cells produces | red bone marrow in spongy bone of the cranium, bodies of vertebrae, ribs, sternum, proximal epiphyses of the humerus/femur. Two million per second |
| life span of RBC | 120 days. Destroyed in spleen and liver |
| what is hemoglobin | Major substance of RBC, occupies one-third of the cell's volume/accounts for its red colour. Primary function is to transport 02 to the cell and transport carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs |
| what is the primary function of WBCs or leukocytes | Protect against invading microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, parasites, toxins and tumor. Removal of dead cells/debris from body. |
| Name the different types of WBC's | Granulocytes(ben) - basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils. Agranulocytes(LW) - lymphocytes, monocytes. |
| WBCs | Not confined to blood vessels - able to leave through process of diapedesis when needed for immune/inflammatory response - response to chemotaxis. Cells migrate out of blood through to tissue spaces toward damaged cells. |
| Ameboid movement | The WBCs ability to form cytoplasmic extensions that are used to migrate through the tissue spaces toward the damaged cells. |
| Leukocytosis | Overall increase in white cells |
| Leukopenia | Overall decrease in white cells |
| Differential count of white blood cells Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas | Neutrophils 65% Lymphocytes 25% Monocytes 6% Eosinophils 3% Basophils 1 % |
| Neutrophils | Polymorphoneuclear leukocytes active phagocytic cells. Contain lysosomes which are digestive enzymes that phagocytize invading bacteria |
| Eosinophils | Numerous in tissue lining respiratory and digestive tracts. Destroy protozoa, parasitic worms and release ant inflammatory substances in antigen-antibody reactions. An elevated eosinophil count is commonly seen in asthmatic patients |
| Basophils | Least numerous. Contain Histamine - inflammatory substance that cause vasodilation and atracts other WBCs to inflamed site. and Heparin - inhibits blood clotting. Basophils increase in number in both allergic and inflammatory reactions. |
| Agranulocytes - Lymphocytes | Second most numerous.Found in lymphoid tissue(nodes) role in immunity. T lymphocytes respond to virus infected cells and tumors. B lymphocytes give rise to plasma cells which produce immunoglobulins - inactivate invading antigens. |
| Agranulocytes - Monocytes | Largest of the WBC. account for 4 to 8% of WBCs. In the tissue they differentiate into highly mobile MACROPHAGE - with a large appetite for bacteria, cell fragments, viral infected cells and dead cells. |
| Platelets or thrombocytes | Smallest of the formed elements. 1:form platelet plugs that seal holes in blood vessels.2: form blood clots-larger tears in vessels. Contain Serotonin - which causes smooth-muscle constriction reducing blood flow. |
| Plasma | Liquid part of blood. 55%total vol. Pale yellow.91% water. 7%(proteins and other solutes) |
Created by:
billand ben
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