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key pharm terms
Stack #141489
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| active transport | the movement of drug molecules across membranes by active means, rather than passive diffusion |
| acute condition | a sudden condition requiring immediate treatment |
| additive | a drug that is added to a parenteral solution |
| additive effects | the increase in effect when 2 drugs with similar pharamacological actions are taken |
| adjuvant | a drug added to a prescription to enhance the action of the primary ingredient |
| admixture | the resulting solution when a drug is added to a parenteral solution |
| adverse effect | an unintended side effect of a medication that is negative or in some way injurious to a patient's health |
| agonist | drugs that activate receptors to accelerate or slow normal cell function |
| agonist- antagonist | a drug with agonist activity at some receptors but antagonist activity at others |
| alimentary tract | the organs from the mouth to the anus |
| absorption | the movement of a drug from the dosage formulation to the blood |
| aliquot | a portion of a mixture |
| ampules | sealed glass containers with an elongated neck that must be snapped off |
| anhydrous | without water molecules |
| antagonist | drugs that bind with receptors but do not activate them. they block receptor action by preventing other drugs or substances from activating them |
| antibiotic | a substance which harms or kills microorganisms like bacteria or fungi |
| antibiotic therapy | a common home infusion service used for treating AIDS-related and other infections |
| anticipatory compounding | compounding in advance of expected need |
| antihyperlipidemics | drugs that lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels |
| antitoxin | a substance that acts against a toxin in the body; also, a vaccine containing antitoxins, used to fight disease |
| antitussive | a drug that acts against a cough |
| aqueous | water based |
| aseptic techniques | methods that maintain the sterile condition of products |
| auxiliary labels | labels regarding specific warnings, foods, or medications to avoid, potential side effects, and so on |
| bactericidal | kills bacteria |
| bacteriostatic | retards bacteria growth |
| beyond-use date | a date assigned to a compounded prescription telling a patient when the formulation should no longer be used |
| bioavailability | the relative amount of an administered dose that reaches the general circulation and the rate at which this occurs |
| biocompatibility | not irritating, infection, or abscess causing to body tissue |
| bioequivalence | the comparison of bioavailability between 2 dosage forms |
| biopharmaceutics | the study of the factors associated with drug products and physiological processes, and the resulting systemic concentrations of the drugs |
| blocker | another term for an antagonist drug, because antagonist drugs block the action of neurotransmitters |
| bronchodilators | a medication that decongests the bronchial tubes |
| buccal | inside area of the cheek |
| buffer system | ingredients in a formulation designed to control the pH |
| calcium channel blockers | drugs that lower blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels |
| centralized pharmacy system | a system in which all pharmacy activities in the hospital are conducted at one location, the inpatient pharmacy |
| cation | type of ion |
| chronic condition | a continuing condition that requires ongoing treatment for a prolonged time |
| co-insurance | an agreement for cost-sharing between the insurer and the insured |
| colloids | particles up to 100 times smaller than those in suspensions that are, however, likewise suspended in the solution |
| complexation | when molecules of different chemicals attach to each other, as in protein binding |
| compounding record | a record of what actually happened when the formulation was compounded |
| compression molding | a method of making suppositories in which ingredients are compressed into a mold |
| concentration | the strength of a solution as measured by the weight-to-volume or volume-to-volume of the substance being measured |
| conjunctiva | the eyelid lining |
| coring | when a needle damages the rubber closure of a parenteral container causing fragments of the closure to fall into the container and contaminate its contents |
| DAW | mechanism by which a prescriber may indicate that the brand product, not the equivalent generic, must be dispensed |
| DEA number | required on all controlled drug prescriptions; identifies the prescriber |
| decentralized pharmacy system | a system in which pharmacy activities occur in multiple locations within the hospital |
| degradation | the change of a drug to a less effective or ineffective form |
| depot | the area in a muscle where a formulation is injected during an intramuscular injection |
| depth filter | a filter that can filter solutions being drawn into or expelled from a syringe, but not both ways at the same time |
| diluent | a solvent that dilutes a freeze-dried substance or dilutes a solution |
| disintergration | the breaking apart of a tablet into smaller pieces |
| displacement | a drug bound to a plasma protein is removed when another drug of greater binding potential binds to the same protein |
| disposition | a term sometimes used to refer to the ADME process together |
| dissolution | when smaller pieces of a disintergrated tablet dissolve in solution |
| consultant pharmacist | develops and maintains an individual pharmaceutical plan for each long-term patient |
| distributive pharmacist | makes sure long-term care patients receive the correct medications ordered |
| diuretics | drugs that increase the elimination of salts and waters through unrination |
| drug-diet interactions | when elements of the ingested nutrients interact with a drug and this affects the disposition of the drug |
| drug recall | voluntary or involuntary removal of a drug product by the manufacturer; usually pertaining to a particular shipment or lot number |
| dual co-pay | co-pays that have 2 prices; one for generic and one for brand medications |
| dual marketing | status of medications like Plan B that are classified as both prescription and OTC drugs |
| duration of action | the time drug concentration is above minimum effective concentration (MEC) |
| edema | swelling from abnormal retention of fluid |
| elimination | the process of metabolism and excretion |
| emergency drug procurement | to quickly obtain a medication not currently in stock in the pharmacy in situations where the drug is urgently needed |
| emulsifier | a stabilizing agent in emulsions |
| emulsions | mixture of 2 solutions that do not dissolve into each other; one liquid is spread into the other by mixing and using an emulsifier for stability |
| endogenous | produced from within the body or within a cell |
| enteral | a route of administration to any organ in the alimentary tract (ie.; from the mouth to the anus) |
| enterohepatic cycling | the transfer of drugs and their metabolites from the liver to the bile in the gall bladder and then into the intestine, and then back into circulation |
| enzyme | a complex protein that catalyzes chemical reactions into other substances |
| enzyme induction | the increase in enzyme activity that results in greater metabolism of drugs |
| enzyme inhibition | the decrease in enzyme activity that results in reduced metabolism of drugs |
| equivalent weight | a drug's molecular weight divided by its valence, a common measure of electrolyte concentration |
| esterification | combining an organic acid with an alcohol to form an ester |
| exempt narcotics | medications with habit forming ingredients that can be dispensed by a pharmacist without prescription to patients at least 18 years of age |
| extemporaneous compounding | the on-demand preparation of a drug product according to the doctor's prescription, formula, or recipe |
| final filter | a filter that filters a solution immediately before it enter a patient's veins |
| first pass metabolism | the substantial degradation of a drug caused by enzyme metabolism in the liver before the drug reaches the systemic circulation |
| flexor movement | an expansion or outward movement by muscles |
| flocculating agent | electrolytes used in the preparation of suspensions |
| flow rate | the rate (in ml/hour or ml/minute) at which solution is administered to the patient |
| formulary | a list of drugs stocked at the hospital which have been selected based on therapeutic factors as well as cost |
| formulation record | formulas and procedures (i.e., recipes) for what should happen when a formulation is compounded |
| fusion molding | a suppository preparation method in which the active ingredients are dispersed in a melted suppository base |
| gastric emptying time | the time a drug will stay in the stomach before it is emptied into the small intestine |
| gauge | a measurement with needles: the higher the gauge, the smaller the lumen |
| geometric dilution | a technique for mixing two powders of unequal quantity |
| glomerular filtration | the blood filtering process of the kidneys |
| HEPA filter | a high efficiency particulate air filter |
| heparin lock | an injection device which uses heparin to keep blood from clotting in the device |
| homeostasis | the state of equilibrium of the body |
| hub | the part of the syringe that attaches to the needle |
| hydrates | absorbs water |
| hydrophilic | capable of associating with or absorbing water |
| hydrophilic emulsifier | a stabilizing agent for water-based dispersion mediums |
| hydrophobic | water repelling, cannot associate with water |
| hypersensitivity | an abnormal sensitivity generally resulting in an allergic reaction |
| hyperthyroidism | a condition in which the thyroid hormone secretions are above normal, often referred to as overactive thyroid |
| hypertonic | when a solution has a greater osmolarity than that of blood |
| hyperuricemia | an abnormal concentration of uric acid in the blood |
| hypothyroidism | a condition in which thyroid hormone secretions are below normal, often referred to as under active thyroid |
| hypotonic | when a solution has a lesser osmolarity than that of blood |
| hypoxemia | low oxygen levels in the blood, which can be caused by asthma |
| idiosyncrasy | an unexpected reaction the first time a drug is taken, generally due to genetic disease |
| immiscible | cannot be mixed |
| induction | a drug causes more metabolic enzymes to be produced, thus increasing metabolic activity |
| infusion | the gradual intravenous injection of a volume of fluid into a patient |
| inhibition | a drug blocks the activity of metabolic enzymes in the liver |
| inotrope | a drug that increases the force of cardiac contraction |
| inspiration | breathing in |
| integumentary system | the body covering, i.e. skin, hair, and nails |
| ions | molecular particles that carry and electric charge |
| isomer | a variation of a drug that has the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of the atoms in the molecule |
| isotonic | when a solution has an osmolarity equal to that of blood |
| levigation | triturating a powder drug with a solvent in which it is insoluble to reduce its particle size |
| lipoidal | fat like substance |
| lipophilic emulsifier | a stabilizing agent for oil-based dispersion mediums |
| local effect | when drug activity is at the site of administration |
| lumen | the hollow center of a needle |
| lymphocytes | a type of white blood cell that helps the body defend itself against bacteria and diseased cells |
| lyophilized | freeze-dried |
| maintenance medication | a medication that is required on a continuing basis for the treatment of a chronic condition |
| materia medica | generally pharmacology, but also refers to the drugs in use |
| maximum allowable cost (MAC) | the maximum price per tablet (or other dispersing unit) an insurer or PBM will pay for a given product |
| medicaid | a federal-state program, administered by the states, providing health care for the needy |
| medicare | a federal program providing health care to people with certain disabilities over age 65, it includes basic hospital insurance and voluntary medical insurance |
| medication administration record (MAR) | a form that tracks the medications administered to the patient |
| medication order | the form used to prescribe medications for patients in institutional settings |
| membrane filter | a filter that attaches to a syringe and filters solution through a membrane as the solution is expelled from the syringe |
| metabolite | the substance resulting from the body's transformation of an administered drug |
| milliequivalent (mEq) | a unit of measure for electrolytes in a solution |
| mimetic | another term for an agonist, because agonists imitate or "mimic" the action of the neurotransmitter |
| minimum effective concentration (MEC) | the blood concentration needed of a drug to produce a response |
| minimum toxic concentration (MTC) | the upper limit of the therapeutic window. drug concentrations above the MEC increase the risk of undesired effects |
| miscible | capable of being mixed together |
| molecular weight | the sum of the atomic weights of one molecule |
| mucilage | a wet. slimy liquid formed as an initial step in the wet gum method |
| mydriatics | drugs that dilate the pupil |
| NDC (National Drug Code) number | the number assigned by the manufacturer. the first five digits indicate the manufacturer. The next four indicate the medication, its strength, and dosage form. The last two indicate the package size. |
| National Provider Identifier | a unique, national, ten-digit, health care provider identification number, required for all HIPAA regulated claims submissions effective May 23, 2007 |
| necrosis | the death of cells |
| nephron | the functional unit of the kidneys |
| nephrotoxicity | the ability of a substance to harm the kidneys |
| neurotransmitter | chemicals released by nerves that interact with receptors to cause an effect |
| nomenclature | a system of names specific to a particular field |
| nomogram | a chart showing relationships between measurements |
| non-formulary | drugs not on the formulary which the physician can order; a physician may have to fill out a form stating why the particular drug is needed |
| oil-in-water emulsion | an emulsion in which oil is dispersed through a water base |
| onset of action | the time MEC is reached and the response occurs |
| open formulary | a system that allows a pharmacy to purchase any drug that is prescribed |
| orange book | the common name for the FDA's approved drug products |
| osmolarity | a unit of measure of osmotic pressure expressed in terms of osmoles (Osmol) or milliosmoles (mOsmol) per liter |
| osmosis | the action in which a drug in a higher concentration solution passes through a permeable membrane to a lower concentration solution |
| osmotic pressure | a characteristic of a solution determined by the number of dissolved particles in it |
| panacea | a cure-all |
| parenteral | a route of administration to any organ outside of the alimentary tract |
| passive diffusion | the movement of drugs from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration |
| percutaneous absorption | the absorption of drugs through the skin, often for systemic effect |
| pH | scale measures the acidity or the alkalinity of a substance, 7 is the neutral midpoint of the scale, values below which represent increasing acidity, and above which represent increasing alkalinity |
| pharmaceutical | of or about drugs; also, a drug product |
| pharmaceutical alternative | drug products that contain the same active ingredients, but not necessarily in the same amount or dosage form |
| pharmaceutical equivalent | drug products that contain identical amounts of the same active ingredients in the same dosage form |
| pharmacogenetics | a new field of study which defines the heredity basis of individual differences in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (the ADME processes) |
| pharmacognosy | derived from the Greek word "pharmakon" or drug and "gnosis" or knowledge; the study of physical, chemical, biological and biochemical properties of drugs as well as the search for new drugs from natural sources |
| pharmacology | the study of drugs- their properties, uses, application, and effects |
| pharmacopeia | an authoritative listing of drugs and issues related to their use |
| pharmacy benefit managers | companies that administer drug benefit programs |
| piggybacks | small volume solutions added to an LVP |
| placebo | an inactive substance given in place of a medication |
| potentiation | when one drug with no inherent activity of its own increases the activity of another drug that produces an effect |
| primary emulsion | the initial emulsion to which ingredients are added to create a final product |
| primary literature | original reports of clinical and other types of research projects and studies |
| PRN order | an order for medication to be administered only on an as needed basis |
| prodrug | an inactive drug that becomes active after it is transformed by the body |
| protein binding | the attachment of a drug molecule to a plasma or tissue protein, effectively making the drug inactive, but also keeping it within the body |
| punch method | a method for filling capsules by repeatedly pushing or "punching" the capsule into an amount of drug powder |
| pyrogens | chemicals produced by microorganisms that can cause pyretic (fever) reactions in patients |
| qsad | the quantity needed to make a prescribed amount |
| receptor | the cellular material at the site of action that interacts with the drug |
| resorption | absorption of bone elements into the blood |
| saturated solution | a solution containing the maximum amount of drug it can contain at room temperature |
| secondary literature | general reference works based upon primary literature sources |
| selective (action) | the characteristic of a drug that makes its action specific to certain receptors and the tissues they affect |
| shelf stickers | stickers with bar codes that can be scanned for inventory identification |
| short stability | medication that will expire soon after preparation (i.e., within 1-6 hours after preparation) |
| signa | the directions for use on the prescription that must be printed on the prescription label |
| site of action | the location where an administered drug produces an effect |
| solution | a clear liquid made up of one or more substances dissolved in a solvent |
| sonication | exposure to high frequency sound waves |
| spatulation | mixing powders with a spatula |
| sphygmomanometer | a device used to measure blood pressure |
| stability | the chemical and physical integrity of the dosage unit, and when appropriate, its ability to withstand microbiological contamintation |
| standing order | a standard medication order for patients to receive medication at scheduled intervals |
| STAT order | an order of medication to be delivered immediately |
| supersaturated solution | a solution containing a larger amount of drug than it normally contains at room temperature |
| suspending agent | a thickening agent used in the preparation of suspensions |
| suspensions | formulations in which the drug does not completely dissolve in the solution |
| synergism | when 2 drugs with similar pharmacological actions produce greater effects than the sum of the individual effects |
| synthetic | with chemicals, combining simpler chemicals into more complex compounds, creating a new chemical not found in nature as a result |
| syringeability | the ease with which a suspension can be drawn from a container into a syringe |
| syrup USP | 850 grams of sucrose and 450 ml of water per liter |
| systemic effect | when a drug is introduced into the circulatory system |
| teratogenecity | the ability of a substance to cause abnormal fetal development when given to a pregnant woman |
| tertiary literature | condensed works based on primary literature, such as textbooks. monographs, etc. |
| therapeutic equivalent | pharmaceutical equivalents that produce the same effects in patients |
| topical | applied for local effect, usually to the skin |
| total nutrient admixture (TPN) solution | a TPN solution that contains intravenous fat emulsion |
| total parenteral nutrition(TPA) solution | complex solutions with two base solutions (amino acid and dextrose) and additional micronutrients |
| transcorneal transport | drug transfer into the eye |
| trituration | the process of grinding particles to reduce particle size |
| U&C or UCR | usual and customary- the maximum amount of payment for a given prescription, determined by the insurer to be usual and customary (and reasonable) price |
| unit-dose packaging | a package containing the amount of a drug required for one dose |
| valence | the number of positive or negative charges on an ion |
| vasoconstriction | the constriction of blood vessels |
| vasodilators | drugs that relax and expand blood vessels |
| viscosity | the thickness of a liquid |
| water soluble | the property of a substance being able to dissolve in water |
| water-in-oil emulsions | an emulsion in which water is dispersed through an oil base |
| waters of hydration | water molecules that attach to drug molecules |
| wheal | a raised blister-like area on the skin, as caused by intradermal injection |
| Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) | defined the scope of health information that cannot be shared among health care providers without patient consent to protect the patient's right to privacy |
| Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act (CMEA) | federal law that sees daily and monthly limits on the OTC sales of pseudoephedrine |
| DEA form 222 | used to order C-I and C-II substances. form is in triplicate one copy of which is forwarded to the DEA, form must be kept on hand for 7 years even if filled out incorrectly |
| DEA form 106 | Report of Theft or Loss of Controlled Substances |
| DEA form 224 | Application for New Registration |
| DEA form 41 | Registrants Inventory of Drugs Surrendered |
| class I recall | where there is a strong likelihood that the product will cause serious adverse effects or death |
| class II recall | where a product may cause temporary but reversible adverse effects, or in which there is little likelihood of serious adverse effects |
| class III recall | where product is not likely to cause adverse effects |
Created by:
jamish
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