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test 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Stereotype threat | A self confirming concern that one will reevaluated based on a negative stereotype. |
| Thinking (cognition) | Refers to a process that involves knowing, understanding, remembering, and communication. |
| Concepts | Mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. |
| Algorithms | Time consuming, exhaust all possibilities before reaching solution, computers use this. |
| Heuristics | Makes it easier for us to find solutions; uses short cuts |
| Fixation | Failing to look at problem from fresh, new perspective; using prior strategy. |
| Insight | Involves sudden realization of a solution to a problem; humans and animals have it. |
| Confirmation bias | Tendency to search for and use info that supports ideas rather than refutes them. |
| The belief perseverance phenomenon | The tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence. |
| Overconfidence | A tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments. |
| Intelligence | A combination of general abilities and practiced skills. |
| Charles Spearman | Developed the psychometric Approach to intelligence; also founder of general existence "g" |
| Howard Gardener | 7 intelligences |
| Functional Fixedness | Failure to solve problem due to fixedness on usual function of something |
| Representativeness Heuristic | If you meet a slim, short, man who wears glasses and likes poetry, what do you think his profession would be? An Ivy league professor or a truck driver? Tendency to make judgments about group membership based on match to group stereotype |
| Robert Sternberg | proposed the Triarchic Theory of intelligence: Analytical, Creative, and Practical |
| Alfred Binet | psychologist, worked for the French government at the turn of the 20th century, developed the first IQ test to help schools identify children with serious intellectual deficiencies. |
| David Wechsler | developed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and later the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), an intelligence test for school-aged children. |
| three-stage model of memory includes | Sensory, long-term, and short-term Memory |
| Hermann Ebbinghaus | studied rehearsal by using nonsense syllables: TUV YOF GEK XOZ |
| Declarative Memory | This memory stores specific factual info, such as names, dates, faces, ideas |
| Episodic Memory | This stores autobiographical info such as thoughts, feelings, things that happen to us |
| Semantic Memory | This is more like a mental dictionary or encyclopedia – it stores basic meanings of words, concepts. |
| Implicit Memory | This is your ability to remember info you have not deliberately tried to learn |
| Explicit Memory | This is a memory that you are aware of having. This is your ability to retain info that you’ve put real effort into learning |
| Chunking | This is grouping or packing info into a unit. It makes large amounts of info more manageable. |
| mental operations required for memory | Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval |
| Flashbulb Memory | Long lasting and deep memories in response to traumatic events |
| Mnemonic Device | device is any memory aid that is based on encoding each item in a special way. (PEMDAS) |
| Recall (or free recall) | It is a memory task in which the individual must reproduce material from memory without cue . |
| Retrieval Cues | . Reminders or hints that help us to retrieve information from long-term memory |
| Recognition | . It is a memory task in which the individual indicates whether presented information has been experienced previously. |
| Hippocampus | a neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories. |
| Retrograde amnesia | Difficulty retrieving old memories |
| Anterograde amnesia | Difficulty learning new information |
| Forgetting | An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding, storage, or retrieval. |
| Metacognition | refers to thinking about thinking |
| Consciousness | Our awareness of external events and internal sensations under arousal. |
| Inattentional Blindness | failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere (video on basketball group) |
| Change Blindness | failing to even notice changes in the environment (video with british illusionist) |
| HIGHER LEVEL CONSCIOUSNESS | The most alert state of consciousness, where you actively focus your efforts towards a goal |
| LOWER LEVEL CONSCIOUSNESS | This is automatic processes which is consciousness that requires little attention and does not interfere with other activities. |
| Unconscious Thought | This is Sigmund Freud’s theory. It is a unacceptable wishes, feelings, thoughts that are beyond conscious awareness. |
| Circadian rhythms | cycles of activity and inactivity generally lasting about one day (jet lag) |
| REM Sleep | rapid eye movement sleep. It is a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams occur |
| Alpha Waves | the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state. You grow tired and slip into sleep. |
| Franz Anton Mesmer. | an Austrian philosopher and physician who first practiced by Hypnosis |
| Posthypnotic suggestion | : a suggestion, made during hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized |
| William James | Psychology Pioneer who used the term Stream of Consciousness to describe the mind as a continuous flow of changing sensations, images, thoughts, feelings. |
| Sensation | Process of receiving stimulus energies from external environment |
| Perception | Process of organizing and interpreting sensory information |
| Stimuli | energies in the environment that affect what we do |
| Receptors | the specialized cells in our bodies that convert environmental energies into signals for the nervous system. |
| Visual constancy | is our tendency to perceive objects as keeping their size, shape, and color even though the image that strikes our retina changes from moment to moment. |
| Perceiving Constancy | Recognition that objects are constant even though sensory input is changing |
| Gestalt Psychology | focuses on the human ability to perceive overall patterns. The word Gestalt means “an organized whole.” |
| Olfaction | another term for the sense of smell. |
| Conduction deafness | results when the three special bones in the ear fail to transmit sound waves properly to the cochlea. |
| Nerve deafness | results from damage to the structures that receive and transmit the impulses - the cochlea, hair cells, or auditory nerve. |
| Middle Ear | Chamber between eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window |
| Frequency | is measured by the number of vibrations or cycles of the sound wave per second, referred to as hertz (Hz.) The perception of frequency is referred to as pitch. |
| Amplitude | is intensity of sound waves and is perceived as loudness. Pitch and loudness are psychological experiences, and the perception of these qualities does not solely depend on frequency and amplitude. |
| Sound | Vibrations in air processed by auditory system |
| Presbyopia | develops as humans age because the lens decreases in flexibility, resulting in a reduced ability to focus on nearby objects. |
| Elongated eyeballscause | myopia, so that the person can focus well on nearby objects, but not distant ones. This condition is also called nearsightedness. |
| Flattened eyeballs | cause hyperopia, so that the person can focus well on distant objects, but not on nearby ones. This is also called farsightedness. |
| Glaucoma | is a condition caused by increased pressure within the eyeball, causing damage to the optic nerve and loss of peripheral vision. |
| cataract | is a disorder in which the lens of the eye becomes cloudy. This disorder is treated by removing and replacing the actual lens with a contact lens. |
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