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Psychology
logical preschool thinking
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three cognitive limitations in early childhood? Provide examples of how each of the limitations effect performance on cognitive tasks. | 1.Difficulty integrating multiple pieces of information 2.Difficulty distinguishing between appearance and reality 3.Difficulty managing attentional and memory strategy. |
| Why is preschooler’s thinking particularly fascinating (i.e., what two qualities does it possess)? | Preschoolers have mature and immature qualities which make them so fascinating. Mature- using complex ideas and development. Immature- It uses more imagination/ magical elements. |
| Once children in early childhood understand conservation, how do they explain conservation? | The idea that the amount of something remains the same despite changes in its form, shape or appearance. Each child learns conservation of liquid volume, number, mass, and length at different times. |
| According to Piaget, what is the preoperational period? Specifically, what is it characterized by? | from ages 2-7, characterized by an inability to use logical operations. Young children’s thinking is characterized by animism which is the tendency to attribute life to nonliving things. |
| As children begin to understand the effects of addition and subtraction, what are the three rules preschool children tend to follow, and what ages are associated with each rule? | -The Primitive Rule(2-3 yr olds -Qualitative Rule(4-5 yr olds) -Quantitative rule(6-7 yr olds) |
| What is the information processing model? | theory that seeks to explain human thought processes by comparing them to the workings of a computer |
| What two cognitive skills are responsible for transferring information along the information-processing model? | Attention skills are processes that control the transfer of information from a sensory register to working memory. Memory skills are processes that retain information in working memory and/or transfer it to long-term memory. |
| What are the limitations associated with attention and memory skills in early childhood? | they can’t use the intentional memory strategies as well. Most kids 5 and under don’t use rehearsal strategy. Their memory strategies are usually limited, context-specific, and inconsistently applied. |
| Egocentrism is a cognitive limitation that appears at all levels of development; according to John Flavell, what are the three cognitive components needed to take on another’s perspective and overcome egocentrism in early childhood? | 1.Knowledge of Existence 2.Awareness of need to consider other viewpoints 3.Social inference |
| Knowledge of Existence | Children must realize that other people have thoughts, viewpoints, and desires that differ from theirselves |
| Awareness of need to consider other viewpoints | Children must realize it can be useful to consider other people’s perspective, and in doing so they can facilitate social interactions and communications. |
| Social inference | - Children must be able to read another person’s actions and imagine that person’s point of view |
| What is a script? How and why do preschoolers utilize scripts? | A script is an abstract representation of the sequence of actions needed to accomplish some goal. Preschoolers use this to communicate and interact with others effectively through the use of scripts for common routines. |
| Describe the differences between emotional and instrumental dependency | Emotional dependency is a child’s atypical need to have constant reassurance and attention from adults. Instrumental dependency is a young child’s normal need for solving complex problems or performing difficult tasks. |
| What are the hallmarks of early childhood social and emotional development? | -dramatically expanding world -notable developments in self-reliance -self-control -Self-regulation -Explore adult roles |
| What underlying cognitive capacities must be in place for preschoolers to become aware of themselves as persons? (chapter 10: The developing self) | A child needs.Mental representation that bring up immediate experiences.Soon mental representation can give the child alternate experiences.This allows the child to see different perspectives.Also a child needs self-constancy,a self-endures despite tempor |
| What are the steps involved in the development of a gender-based self-concept in early childhood? | 1)A child adopts a sex type behavior which are actions that conform to cultural expectations about what is appropriate for boys and girls. 2)Children must simultaneously acquire gender role concepts a beginning knowledge of the cultural stereotypes regar |
| Be comfortable with the 4 different explanations proposed for the development of gender-role concepts and sex-typed behaviors in early childhood. | -social learning theorists -cognitive theorists -gender schema theory -psychoanalytic theory |
| What concepts are established through peer interactions in early childhood that carry over throughout life? | Experiences with peers can affect a child’s self-concept and future dealings with others. How well a child gets along is one of the strongest predictors of later success. |
| What is aggression? Are there different types? If so what are the differences? What is the defining characteristic of true aggression? | Aggression is negative acts intended to harm others or their possessions Instrumental aggression- Which is used as a means to get something. Hostile aggression- Solely at hurting someone else. |
| How are aggression and prosocial behaviors related to self-control? | If you develop self-control you can regulate direct emotional expression, to maintain organized behavior in presence of strong emotions. Therefore you can control your initial aggression to maintain pro-social behavior when needed. |
| What are the two prosocial behaviors emerging in early childhood? | Empathy- Which is the ability to experience the emotions of another person. Altruism- Which is the acting unselfishly to aid someone else |
| What are the three parenting styles according to Diana Baumrind? | - authorative parenting -permissive parenting -authoritarian parenting |
| What are the characteristics of the children who endure the parenting styles according to Diana Baumrind? | Some influences that effect development are dependent on logical and coherent underlying of self. Children’s development shows coherence over time, due to attachment history, consistency of ongoing parental influence, and consistency in their own beha |
| What are the cognitive limitations of associated with middle childhood? | -lacking the broad base of knowledge that adults possess -They have trouble using a skill they posses as a part of a larger problem solving system. -Elementary school children cannot reason maturely about abstract and hypothetical problems |
| What are the influences that explain developmental coherence in early childhood? | Some influences that effect development are dependent on logical and coherent underlying of self. Children’s development shows coherence over time, due to attachment history, consistency of ongoing parental influence, and consistency in their own beha |
| What are the cognitive limitations of associated with middle childhood? | -lacking the broad base of knowledge that adults possess -They have trouble using a skill they posses as a part of a larger problem solving system. -Elementary school children cannot reason maturely about abstract and hypothetical problems |
| The cognitive developments occurring in middle childhood stem or emerge from what? | 3 Major developments are made: Concepts of conservation. Classification skills Memory abilities |
| What are the advancements associated with attention and memory skills in middle childhood? | School aged children become increasingly systematic, organize, selective, and flexible in directing their attention. Individual differences in attentional abilities become apparent during these years. Memory development during middle childhood involves c |
| What fosters memory improvements in middle childhood? Provide examples | In 4 areas: Memory capacity- Knowledge Memory strategies Metamemory. |
| What types of social interaction in middle childhood influence cognitive development? Contrast the two types | -Didactic learning experiences -Cooperative learning experiences |
| How can cultural bias affect I.Q. tests (i.e., performance on I.Q. tests)? | If you are not fluent in a certain language or you are not very aware of the culture that the I.Q. test was written in it can be very difficult for you to understand. Ex: French test |
| Can you measure intelligence accurately without taking into consideration genetics, culture and environment? Explain your response. | Everyone has different minds and experiences therefore it is hard to provide a standardized test to completely accurately judge someone’s intelligence. |
| What is contingent truth and necessary truth? How are each used in conservation tasks in middle childhood. | The contingent truth is knowledge that depends on empirical observations, on information gathered through all the senses. Deducing why something is happening is contingent, like rain falling. |
| Define industry and inferiority relative to Erikson’s psychosocial stages. What leads to the development of industry and inferiority? | -the basic belief in one’s own competence→ Erikson said that the major issue in early childhood is the challenge of starting to master adult skills and the feelings associated with success and failure. -Repeated failure to master new skills leaves the c |
| 31. What is relational aggression? Which group employs relational aggression more frequently? What behaviors are associated with relational aggression? | -Relational aggressions are attempts to hurt another person by damaging a relationship. - When sibling fight, they cannot simply end their relationship |
| What type of norms are children in middle childhood concerned about enforcing? What are these norms? How do these norms influence development? | - When sibling fight, they cannot simply end their relationship. - They can provide mutual support. - Older siblings may be assigned the role of caring for younger siblings. - Adopting role of boss may help older siblings practice leadership skills. |
| What is high-stakes testing? Is this method of testing effective? What are the effects of high-stakes testing on schools, students, teachers? | |
| What is the role of peer relations during middle childhood? | - When sibling fight, they cannot simply end their relationship. - They can provide mutual support. - Older siblings may be assigned the role of caring for younger siblings. - Adopting role of boss may help older siblings practice leadership skills. |
| What factors may lessen or moderate the negative effects of divorce on children in middle childhood? | - When sibling fight, they cannot simply end their relationship. - They can provide mutual support. - Older siblings may be assigned the role of caring for younger siblings. - Adopting role of boss may help older siblings practice leadership skills. |
| What are the benefits associated with sibling relationships? | -When sibling fight, they cannot simply end their relationship. - They can provide mutual support. - Older siblings may be assigned the role of caring for younger siblings. - Adopting role of boss may help older siblings practice leadership skills. |
Created by:
G-Rich
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