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A&P Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| scaphoid aka | navicular |
| lunate aka | semilunar |
| trapezoid aka | lesser multangular |
| trapezium aka | greater multangular |
| semilunar aka | trochlear notch |
| CR for hand | perpendicular to 3rd metacarpophalangeal joint |
| modification of lateral extension projection of hand | fan lateral |
| PA oblique projection of hand, metacarpophalangeal joints form an angle of ... degrees with IR | 45 degrees |
| projection useful in detecting early radiologic changes to diagnose Rheumatoid Arthritis | Noragaard method |
| Noragaard method aka | "ball-catchers" projection |
| one may miss a ... if there is rotation for a lateral finger | avulsion fracture |
| CR for finger | perpendicular to proximal interphalangeal joint |
| CR for thumb | perpendicular to metacarpophalangeal joint |
| CR for wrist | perpendicular to midcarpal area (between styloids) |
| ulnar deviation corrects foreshortening of | scaphoid carpal bone |
| carpal bone free of superimposition on a semisupination projection | pisiform |
| ... method demonstrates carpal canal | Gaynor Hart |
| olecranon process is part of ... bone | ulna |
| Why should forearm be radiographed in AP projection | prevents crossing of ulna and radius |
| elbow should be flexed ... degrees for lateral projection | 90 degrees |
| ... should be demonstrated on medial oblique of elbow | coronoid process |
| Acute flexion of elbow is aka | Jones method |
| Which carpal bone would be demonstrated in its entirety when utilizing carpal tunnel projection | pisiform |
| AP oblique with lateral rotation of elbow demonstrates ... free of superimposition | radial head and neck |
| Long and Rafert modification of thub utilizes angulation of ... degrees proximally to long axis of thumb | 15 degrees |
| Fat pads of elbow are visualized on ... projection | lateral |
| hand should be elevated ... degrees for stetcher method | 20 degrees |
| ... should be clearly demonstrated on Jones projection | olecranon process |
| Sinus tarsi well shown on ... projection of foot | medial oblique |
| Projection to examine arches of foot | weightbearing |
| CR of AP knee on a large patient | 2-5 degrees cephalad, 1/2 inch inferior to patella apex |
| intercondyloid fossa best demonstrated by ... projection of knee | camp coventry |
| CR for "tunnel projection" of knee | 40-50 degrees caudad |
| Purpose of weight-bearing projection of knee | check for arthritis |
| AP projection of ankle, foot is slightly ... | inverted |
| CR for AP of ankle | midway between malleoli |
| 3 bones that form ankle joint | talus, tibia, fibula |
| Lewis projection of lower extremity demonstrates ... | sesamoids |
| CR for AP foot | base of 3rd metatarsal |
| stress projection of ankle visualizes | ligament tears |
| knee flexed ... degrees for lateral projection | 20-30 degrees |
| For oblique proj of knee, affected extremity should form a ... degree angle | 45 degree |
| Why are knee obliques done PA versus AP | patella closer to IR, less part to film distance |
| Routine projections for chest | PA and Left lateral |
| CR for chest xray | level of T-7 |
| Shoulders rolled forward to project ... out of lung fields | scapula |
| for lateral projection of chest, ... plane parallel with IR | midsaggital |
| breathing instructions for chest xray | take in a breath, let it out; take in another breath and hold it |
| ... ribs should be seen above diaphragm for a good PA projection of chest | 10 |
| T/F: ribs posterior to the vertebral column should be superimposed for a lateral projection | true |
| T/F: there should be no soft tissue shadows overlapping upper lung fields | true |
| T/F: sternum should be lateral for the lateral projection | true |
| T/F: costophrenic angles and apices of lung must be included | true |
| T/F: exposure should penetrate lung fields and heart | true |
| Apical lordotic projection of lungs demonstrates | apices of lungs |
| patient has fluid in left lung. which projection would you do? | Left lateral decubitus |
| Patient has a left pneumothorax. Which projection would you do | right lateral decubitus |
| Lateral | pertaining to side |
| pneumothorax | air in pleural cavity |
| costophrenic angle | angle created by diaphragm and rib at inferior portion of lung |
| oblique | body rotated a degree amount depending on exposure needed |
| chest xray distance | 72 inches |
| Two shoulder joints that should be on humerus projection | shoulder, elbow |
| tuberosity visualized on external rotation of shoulder | greater tuberosity |
| projection done when patient's arm cannot be abducted for axial projection of shoulder | transthoracic/lawrence or Y scapula |
| transthoracic aka | lawrence |
| For a transthoracic projection of humerus the epicondyles should be ... to the plane of IR | perpendicular |
| clavicle articulates with | manubrium of sternum and acromion process of scapula |
| degree of medial angulation for inferosiperior axial projection of shoulder | 15-30 degrees |
| degree of cephalic angulation for demonstration of the coracoid process | 15-45 degrees (30 degree average) |
| Position of patient for demonstration of acromioclavicular articulations | upright |
| best projection for clavicle | PA |
| degree of angulation for clavicle axial projection | 15-30 degrees |
| position of patients arm for AP projection of scapula | Arm abducted 90 degrees, palm upward |
| CR for AP projection of shoulder | 1 inch inferior to coracoid |
| glenoid fossa is part of ... bone | scapula |
| purpose of AP/PA axial projection of clavicle | throws clavicle off ribs |
| two methods for radiographing AC joints | Single and double exposure |
| single exposure for AC joint | 72" distance CR at manubrium of sternum includes both AC joints |
| two exposures for AC joints | 40" distance CR over midpoint of AC joint individually capture AC joints |
| contraindication to weights for AC joints | subluxation, pos-op, fracture |
| when using weights for ac joint exposures, you need ... | dr permission to use weights |
| projection demonstrating Hill-sachs defects | Stryker Notch |
| barium is sometimes used to see which relationship | relationship of heart to esophagus |
| Humerus greater tubercle shown on ... projection | AP external oblique or anatomical position |
| position of necks of humerus | anatomical is higher than surgical |
| intertubercle groove aka | bicipital groove |
| bicipital groove separates | greater and lesser tubercles |
| semilunar is aka | trochlear notch |
| AC joints formed by | acromion and clavicle |
| Grayshee shows | glenoid fossa |
| special projection to visualize coracoid | 30 degree angulation axial |
| CR for shoulder | 1 inch below coracoid process |
| axillary degrees for shoulder; visualizes ... | 15-30 degrees; coracoid- posteriorly acromion-inferiorly |
| purpose of axillary projection of shoulder | bursitis |
| degree of oblique for scapula | 15-20 degrees |
| what does scapula oblique do | puts the vertebral border parallel to IR |
| Y-scapula oblique degrees | 55-60 degrees |
| y-scapula shows | dislocation/luxation |
| anterior luxation of shoulder (humerus position) | forward, head of humerus below coracoid (AC) |
| posterior luxation of shoulder (humerus position) | backward, head of humerus below acromion (PA) |
| transthoracic-lateral shows | fracture of shoulder or humerus |
| positioning for transthoracic-lateral | affected side towards IR, good arm up over head and shoot through rib cage |
| SC joint PA CR | 3rd thoracic vertebra |
| 2 obliques for SC joints | 15 degree RAO, 15 degree LAO |
| obliques of SC joints demonstrate | sternum within hear shadow |
| 1st projection for ribs | PA of chest |
| PA of chest for ribs purpose 3 | pneumothorax, punctured lung, injury |
| 3 projections for posterior ribs | AP, AP cone down, AP oblique |
| AP rib done on what breathing | inspiration |
| AP cone done of rib done on what breathing | expiration |
| IR size for ribs | 14x17 |
| 3 projections for anterior ribs | PA, PA cone down, oblique (RAO or LAO) |
| for anterior oblique of ribs, affected side is ... | away from film |
| for posterior ribs, affected side is | down |
| manubrial notch aka | jugular notch |
| jugular notch level | T2-T3 |
| manubrium level | first rib |
| sternal angle level | T4-T5 |
| body of sternum aka | gladiolus |
| xiphoid process aka | enciform |
| enciform level | T9-T10 |
| head of rib articulates with | body of thoracic vertebrae |
| tubercle of rib articulates with | transverse process of vertebrae |
| acronym for rib articulations | HBTT |
| upper ribs done on what breathing | inspiration |
| lower ribs done on what breathing | expiration |
| chest xray done on what breathing | inspiration |
| 3 ways to project sternum | Lateral, RAO, Upright or laying on table shoot across |
| RAO distance for sternum | 30" |
| RAO degrees for sternum | 15-20 degrees |
| sternum position on RAO | sternum in heart shadow |
| why are lower ribs done on expiration | because of diaphragm movement |
| ... pairs of ribs | 12 |
| ... true ribs | 7 |
| ... false ribs | 5 |
| ... floating ribs | 2 |
| axillary rib pain also done as | posterior rib projections |
| obliques of ribs are done to | elongate side of interest |
| SC rotation degrees | 15 degrees |
| posterior spine of scapula separates | supra and infraspinous processes |
| 2 names for transthoracic | lawrence and trauma |
| For AP of shoulder, epicondyles should be ... with IR | coronal plane of epicondyles should be parallel with IR |
| epicondyles ... to IR for lateral/transthoracic projections | perpendicular |
| projection where intertubercle (bicipital) groove is practically eliminated | Cleaves (Fisk) |
| degree of special projection for coracoid process | 15-30 degrees cephalad |
| rotation for scapular AP oblique | 15-25 degrees |
| CR for one projection of SC joints | manubrium |
| distance for one projection of SC joints | 72" |
| CR for 2 projections of SC joints | over AC joint |
| distance for 2 projections of SC joints | 42" |
| best projection for clavicle | PA |
| projection to flatten scapula | 90 degree AP |
| Grashey degrees | 35-45 degrees |
| For grashey, affected side is ... | down |
| axillary projection degrees | 20-30 |
| Apple and Garth methods show | dislocation of shoulder |
| anteriorly ribs articulate with | sternum |
| 2 chest projections | PA, Left lateral |
| 3 ways to do a chest xray | upright, sitting, supine |
| diaphragm separates | thoracic and abdominal cavities |
| thoracic cavity aka | pleural |
| abdominal cavity aka | peritoneal |
| pneumothorax | accumulation of air in pleural cavity |
| CR for chest | T-7 (inferior angle of scapula) |
| why is the distance for chest 72"? | minimizes the size of heart |
| pleural effusion | fluid in pleural cavity |
| where trachea bifurcates | carina |
| level of carina | T-5 |
| ET tube is ... to carina | superior |
| chest xrays with barium are done to | evaluate heart size |
| LAO angulation for chest | 60 degrees |
| RAO angulation for chest | 45 degrees |
| thyroid cartilage level | C5 |
| Lateral hand extension demonstrates | metacarpals |
| lateral hand flexion (fan) demonstrates | digits |
| degree of oblique for hand | 45 degrees |
| for lateral hand, ... run parallel to IR | interphalangeal joints |
| ulnar deviation aka | stetcher method |
| gaynor hart demonstrates 2 | carpal canal and pisiform and hamulus of hamate free of superimposition |
| gaynor hart angulation and cr directed at | 25 degrees, towards palm of hand |
| semi supination of wrist throws out | pisiform free of superimposition |
| acute flexion or Jones method shows | olecranon |
| lateral arm demonstrates | olecranon and trochlear notch |
| coronoid demonstrated on | medial oblique |
| radial head and neck demonstrated on | external oblique |
| 3 special projections of thumb | robert method, long and rafert method, lewis method |
| robert method CR | perpendicular to first CMC joint |
| long and rafert method angulation | 15 degrees |
| lewis method angulation | 10-15 degrees |
| bone age or carpal growth demonstrated on | PA and obliques |
| end stage renal disease visualized on | PA and PA oblique of hands and wrists |
| coronoid process articulates with | anterior fossa |
| olecranon fossa articulates with | posterior fossa |
| folio projection aka | skier's thumb |
| AP wrist demonstrates | carpal interspaces |
| coyle projection demonstrates ... from lateral side | radial head and neck |
| coyle projection demonstrates ... from medial side | coronoid process |
| plantar dorsal projected | PA |
| dorsal plantar projected | AP |
| to open joint spaces in toes, direct CR ... | 15 degrees cephalad |
| 2 projections for sesamoids | PA Lewis, AP holly |
| foot obliqued medially 30 degrees shows | cuboid, 3rd cuneiform, sinus tarsi, tuberosity of 5th metatarsal |
| method that demonstrates club feet | talipes/kite |
| calcaneous axial projection CR | 40 degrees cephalic |
| calcaneous axial projection demonstrates | sustentaculum tali (medially) and trochlear process (laterally) |
| ankle mortise projection angulation | 15-20 degrees |
| lateral lower leg demonstrates 2 | fibula posterior to tibia and anterior tibial spine |
| Lateral knee angulation | 5-7 cephalad |
| proximal or distal tibia and fibula joint demonstrated on what lower leg projection | medial oblique |
| homblad and beclere demonstrate | intercondylar fossa |
| 3 names for projection demonstrating patellafemoral joint (special projection) | sunrise, seettegast, skyline |
| hughston and merchant projections visualize | patella |
Created by:
dina11
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