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Psychology Exam 3
Chapters 3 and 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Learning | experiences that result in the change of behavior |
| Habituation | ignoring a stimulus that continues to be presented |
| Dishabituation | focusing on stimuli that you normally wouldn't |
| Classical Conditioning | type of learning related to associations |
| Who discovered classical conditioning? | Pavlov |
| Unconditioned Stimulus | natural response or unconditioned response, reflexive |
| Neutral Stimulus | pairing or typically wouldn't cause a response |
| Conditioned stiumlus | manipulated, paring of unconditioned stimulus with neutral stimulus creating conditioned response |
| Contiguity | time, how close together 2 things are presented , CS and US |
| Contingently | reliability, consistency, every time presented its paired together, the behavior is acquired |
| Extinction | removing the conditioned stimulus, stop pairing, ONLY present conditioned stimulus |
| Spontaneous Recovery | all of a sudden the conditioned response comes back and goes back down after a bit |
| Operant Conditioning | learning through consequences of behaviors |
| Who created operant conditioning? | Thorndike, also created Law of Effect |
| Behavior with positive consequences | behavior-> positive consequences we are likely to do that behavior again |
| Behavior with negative consequences | behavior-> negative consequences they won't repeat the behavior again |
| Reinforcement | increasing likelihood a behavior will happen |
| Positive Reinforcement | adds something pleasant |
| Negative Reinforcement | removes something that's unpleasant |
| Punishment | decreasing a behavior |
| Positive Punishment | adding something unpleasant |
| Negative Punishment | removing something unpleasant |
| B.F. Skinner | -skinner box |
| Shaping | building a new behavior by rewarding steps toward and ultimately rewarding the behavior |
| Schedules of Reinforcement | Ratio and Interval |
| Ratio | -based on behavior |
| Fixed Ratio | always happens at the same time for example every other |
| Variable Ratio | on average |
| Interval | based on time |
| Fixed Interval | every 5 minutes there will be a reward |
| Fixed variable | on average every 5 minutes, not consistently five minutes |
| Variable | most resilient to extinction (so not likely to become extinct) |
| Bandura | bobo doll experiment 3 Groups -rewarded -punished -no consequences |
| Independent Variable of Bobo | The groups |
| Dependent Variable of Bobo | the child's aggression towards Bobo |
| encode | putting in your memory |
| storage | retaining our memories |
| retrieval | going and getting the memory |
| 2 typles of memory | explicit and implicit |
| Explicit Memory | aware of that memory |
| Implicit | Not aware of that memory |
| 3 Stage Model | Stimuli-> Sensory Memory/Registy-> Short Term Memory->Long Term Memory |
| Sensory Memory/Registration | last a few seconds |
| Short Term Memory | 30 seconds |
| Long Term Memory | goes here if rehearsed and retrieved from short term memory |
| Maintenance Rehearsal | repeating information over and over to keep it in short term memory for an extended period of time |
| Elaborative Rehearsal | forming associations between information one is trying to learn and information already stored in the long term memory so as to facilitate the transfer of this new information into the long term memory |
| Chunking | grouping items together |
| Levels of Processing | Semantic Network, Structural Coding, Phonemic Errors, Semantic |
| Semantic Network | relating things together |
| Structural Coding | mistaken by makeup of word (sight) |
| Phonemic Erros | based on sound |
| Semantic | meaning |
| Serial Position Curve | order of how you remember things |
| Primary Effect | Beginning you remember more |
| Recency Effect | last thing said is remembered because it is recent in your mind |
| Working Memory Model | happens in parallel or at same time (faster) |
| Working Memory Model | STM-> Working Memory-> Long Term Memory-> back to Working Memory and then back to Short to Memory |
| Working Memory | middle man and does all the processing and is elaborative rehearsal |
| Procedural Memory | long term memory for skills and behaviors, implicit memory (cerebellum) |
| Retrograde amnesia | lost past memory |
| Anterograde Amnesia | can't make new memories |
| Recall | a type of retrieval process in which the probe or cue does not contain much info |
| Recognition | a type of retrieval process in which the probe or cue contains a great deal of info, including the term being sought |
| Decay Theory | memories not routinely activated in the LTM the memory will degrade |
| Tip of the Tongue Phenomena | knowing that you know a piece of info even though you cannot recall it at the moment |
| Proactive Interference | when older memory traces inhibit the retrieval of new memory traces (interference) |
| Retroactive Interference | new memories inhibit old memories (interference) |
| Cue-dependent forgetting | a type of forgetting that occurs when one cannot recall info in a context other than the context in which it was encoded |
| Repression | FREUD- forgetting unpleasant memories and remember them years later when triggered by cues(pushed into the unconscious) |
| Flashbulb Memory | an unusually detailed and seemingly accurate memory for an emotionally charged event |
| Reconstructive Memory | memory that is based on the retrieval of memory traces that contain the actual details of events we have experienced |
| Constructive Memory | memory that utilizes knowledge and expectations to fill in the missing details of events we have experienced |
| Misinformation Effect | the distortion of memory that occurs when people are exposed to misinformation, asked a question in a leading way, eyewitness testimony, way memory is asked about distorts your memory |
| Memory Consolidation | the stabilization and long term storage of memory traces in the brain |
| Forgetting Curve | you forget after 2 days, you forget most of what you've learned over a few hours it's lost |
| Schema | the way to organize general knowledge in LTM |
| Scripts | help vs. function day to day and know how to behave |
| Declarative | easy to verbalize cause it's conceptual info, semantic memory, found in hippocampus |
| Episodic | memories and events |
| Autobiographical | self |
| Observational Learning | learning through observing others behaviors and imitating them |
| Semantic Encoding | putting things in memory by tying them to things already in brain to put in schema |
| Law of Effect | in a given situation behaviors that lead to positive satisfying consequences will be strengthened such that the next time the situation occurs the behavior is more likely to be repeated |
Created by:
Alisicia
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