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Psychology
chapter 8 & 11 test
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| motivation | forces that activate & direct behavior - explaining the "why" behind behavior |
| components of motivation - activation | taking 1st steps towards a goal |
| components of motivation - persistence | continuing to work for a goal despite obstacles |
| components of motivation - intensity | energy & attention applied to achieving a goal |
| types of motivation - intrinsic (internal) | enjoyable & rewarding |
| types of motivation - extrinsic | external reward or avoid consequence |
| drive theory | -biological needs that must be met -unmet needs lead to drives (tension states) -homeostasis |
| arousal theory | -state of alertness & mental/physical activity -motivated to obtain a "just right" level of arousal -too low: something to stimulate -too high: something to reduce |
| sensation seeking | doing crazy things |
| Maslow's hierarchy of needs | -motivation is process where we meet needs -lowest levels: biological & safety -higher levels: social & psychological -lower needs must be met first -ultimate goal is SELF ACTUALIZATION |
| self-determination theory | psychological needs have to be satisfied |
| autonomy | determine & control |
| competence | mastery of tasks |
| relatedness | attachment to others |
| competence motivation (yourself) | -mastering a task -controlling a situation |
| achievement motivation (better than others) | -drive to success - desire to outperform others |
| 3 components of emotion | -subjective experience -physiological response -behavioral/expressive response |
| subjective experience | -basic emotions -universal - fear, disgust, anger, surprise, happiness, saddness |
| physiological response | -sympathetic nervous system -fight or flight -other emotions: excitement or joy -amygdala: limbic system *key for fear |
| expression response | -facial expressions are most important -human face 7000+ expressions -hard-wired (evidence from blind/deaf kids) |
| cultural influences | -display rules: how emotions should be expressed, where & when to express, disguise true feelings |
| theories of emotion -James-Lange | -chick or egg type dilemma -first, stimulus perceived -then, physiological arousal -last, label feelings with emotion -facial feedback theory |
| theories of emotion -smith & lazarus | -cognitive appraisal theory -stimulation happens first -them physiological & emotional response |
| personality | -unique & relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling & behaving -explanation of differences, similarities, and uniqueness |
| psychoanalytic theory (sigmund freud) | -driven by unconscious motives & forces -mind is like iceberg; only aware of "tip" -dynamic struggle between elements of personality |
| The Id (unconscious) | -represents instinctual drives -eros: life instinct (survival), includes libido (sexual) -thanatos: death instinct, be aggressive/reckless -operates on pleasure principle: relentless drive to immediate gratification, avoid feeling stress |
| The Ego (conscious awareness) | -organized, rational, planned -tries to balance urges of Ids w/ real world limitations -if compromise isn't readily available, urge is removed from conscious awareness |
| The SuperEgo (preconscious awareness) | -develops early childhood -the conscience, internal moral guardian -sets high standards for behavior |
| Ego Defense Mechanisms | -protect ego from anxiety caused by unconscious impulses or punitive superego |
| repression | -most frequently used -force themselves to forget |
| denial | -falls to recognize existence of what makes you feel uncomfortable |
| regression | revert back to behavior previously acted |
| psychosexual stages of development | -sex instinct is a major factor in personality -each stage focuses on part of body providing pleasure -leads to fixation, didn't resolve stage/stuck, if not resolved |
| stage one, oral stage | -frustration, over indulgence -gratification obtained thru oral activities (eating, etc.) |
| stage two, anal stage | -pottytraining -gratification obtained thru contraction & relaxation of the muscles controlling elimination |
| stage three, phallic (penis) stage | -phallic region is erogenous zone -oedipus & electra complexes -identification w/ same sex parent -homosexuality if not identified |
| stage four, latency stage | -middle elementary school age -sexual feelings remain unconsciou |
| stage five, genital stage | -adolescence - sexual gratification thru intercourse w/ opposite gender |
| criticisms in freud's theory | -lack of evidence -lack of testablity -sexist |
| 3 things neo-freudons disagreed w/ freud on | -behavior is primarily motivated by sexual urges -personality is fundamentally determined by childhood experiences -generally pessimistic view of human nature |
| Jung (yung) | -motivated by need for wholeness & harmony -collective unconsciousness: shared experiences |
| archetypes | universal themes |
| anima | feminine side of males must recognize to achieve harmony |
| animus | masculine side of females must recognize to achieve harmony |
| humanistic perspective (touchy, feely, good in everyone) | -emphasizes inherent goodness, human potential, and self-awareness -focus on healthy personality -self-concept: conditional & unconditional positive regard *i love you no matter what |
| social cognitive perspective | -emphasizes conscious cognitive processes and social experiences |
| reciprocal determination | personality and behavior are caused by interaction among behavior, cognition, environment |
| self-efficacy | "i think i can" |
| trait perspective | individual differences |
| traits | predisposition to behave in a certain way |
| 5 factor model | -openness to experience: new things & ideas -conscientiousness: order, self-control, industry (successful) -extraversion: preference for being around people -agreeableness: easygoing -neuroticism: negativity, anxiety |
| personality assessment | observations and interviews |
| self-report inventories | standardized tests |
Created by:
mnguyenx3
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