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Psychology 2301
Chapter 13 - Personality (Gerrig and Zimbardo, 18th Edition)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Personality | the complex set of psychological qualities that influence an individual's characteristic patterns of behavior across different situations and over time |
| Hippocrates | theory based on bodily fluids, a person's personality was based on which is the most prevalent fluid |
| Hippocrates - Blood | sanguine temperament; cheerful and active |
| Hippocrates - Phlegm | phlegmatic temperatment; apathetic and sluggish |
| Hippocrates - Balck Bile | melancholy temperament; apathetic and sluggish |
| Hippocrates - Yellow Bile | choleric temperament; irritable and excitable |
| Sheldon | created a theory of personalities based on body type |
| Sheldon - Endomorphic | Body: fat, soft, round. Personality: relaxed, fond of eating, sociable |
| Sheldon - Mesomorphic | Body: muscular, rectangular, strong. Personality: filled with energy, courage, and assertive tendencies |
| Sheldon - Ectomorph | Body: thin, long, fragile. Personality: brainy, artistic, and introverted |
| Sulloway | created a personality theory based on birth order |
| Sulloway - Firstborn | command their parents' love and attention; seek to maintain initial attachment bu identifying and complying with their parents |
| Sulloway - Laterborn | "born to rebel," seek to excel in those domains where older siblings have not already established superiority |
| Allport | trait theory, traits are the building blocks of personaltiy and the source of individuality |
| Traits may act as _____ ______, relating sets of stimuli and responses that might seem, at first glance, to have little to do with eachother. | intervening variables |
| How many kinds of traits did Allport identify? | 3: cardinal, central, secondary |
| Cardinal Traits | traits that people organize their life around |
| Central Traits | traits that represent major characteristics of a person, like honesty or optimism |
| Secondary Traits | specific personal features that help predict and individual's behavior but are not as useful in understanding an individual's personality |
| Cattelle | "SOURCE TRAITS" 16 factors that underlie human personality presented as oppositions like reserved vs. outgoing |
| Eyesnck | two broad dimensions from personality test data" EXTRAVERSION and NEUROTICISM |
| Heritability studies sho what? | That almost all ersonality traits are influenced by genetic factors |
| Freud's view on personality: | all behavior is motivated |
| Psychic Determinism | the assumption that all mental and behavioral reactions are determined by earlier experiences |
| Structure of Personality | personality differences arise from the different ways in which people deal with their fundamental drives |
| Defense Mechanisms | mental strategies used to defend onesself in the daily conflict between id impulses that seek expression and the superego's demand to deny them |
| Adler | rejected the significances of Eros and the pleasure principle; as helpless, small children people all experience feelings of inferiority. All lives are dominated by the search for ways to overcome those feelings |
| Jung | the unconscious is not limited to an individual's unique life experiences, instead its filled with fundamental psychological truths (the collective unconscious) |
| archetype | a primitive symbolic representation of a particular experience or object |
| Rogers | UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD, children should feel they will always be loved and approved of, in spite of their mistakes and misbehavior |
| What are the 3 ideals of humanistic theories? | Holistic, Dispositional, Phenomenological |
| What does it mean to be holistic? | not seen as the sum of discrete traits, people's separate acts are explained interms of their entire personalities |
| What does it mean to be dispositional? | they focus on innate qualities within a person that exert a major influence over the direction behavior will take |
| What does it mean to be phenomenological? | emphasize an individual's fram of reference and subjective view of reality |
| Mischel's Cognitive Affective | people actively participate in the cognitive organization of their interactions with the environment, it is important to understand how behavior arises as a function of interactions between persons and situations |
| Bandura's Cognitive Social Learning | a complex interaction of individual factors, behavior, and environmental stimuli. each can influence or change the others and the direction is usually reciprocal "RECIPROCAL DETERMINISM" |
| Cantor's Social Intelligence | based on 3 types of individual differences: Choice of Life Goals, Knowledge relevant to social interactions, Strategies for implementing goals |
| Self-concept | a dynamic mental structure that motivates, interprets, organizes, mediates, and regulates interpersonal and intrapersonal behaviors and processes |
| Possible Selves | the ideal selves that we would very much like to become, they are also the selves we could become and the selves that we are afraid of becoming |
| Self-esteem | a generalized evaluation of the self |
| 5 basic differences in personality theories | 1: Heredity vs. Environment, 2:Learning Processes vs. Innate Laws of Behavior, 3:Emphasis on Past, Present, or Future, 4:Consciousness vs. Unconsciousness, 5:Inner Disposition vs. Outer Situation |
| MMPI | Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, validity scales and clinical scales |
| Neo-PI | NEO Personality Inventory, asseses personality characteristics in non-clinical adult populations |
| Rorshach | Ink blot test scored on location, content, and determinants |
| TAT | Thematic Apperception Test, Murray, respondents are shown pictures and asked to generate stories about them |
| projective tests | a person is given a series of stimuli that are purposely ambiguous such as abstract patterns that can be interpreted in many different ways |
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