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Psych Chapter 2 + 3
Chapters 2 and 3 Exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Nervous System | interconnected network of all the neurons in our body |
| Central Nervous System | the brain and spinal cord |
| Peripheral Nervous System | remaining components of nervous system |
| Sensory Neurons | convey into the CNS from outside world: Sights, sounds, as well as from our internal world such as aches and pains |
| Motor Neurons | in the PNS carry signals from CNS to our muscles |
| Somatic Nervous System | neurons that control the skeletal muscles of the body that allow us to engage in voluntary actions |
| Autonomic Nervous System | control the smooth muscles of the internal organs, muscles of heart and glands |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | operates mainly under conditions of relative calm -normal -just resting |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | active under conditions of threat or stress -blood to muscles -pupils dilate -respiration increases -heart rate goes up -digestion slows |
| Neuroscience | the study of how the brain and nervous system affect our mental processes and behavior |
| Neurons | specialized information carrying cells |
| Glia Cells | provide nutrients and remove wastes for neurons of the brain, neural signaling, and formation of neural networks in the brain |
| DNA | genetic blueprint that directs development of neuron |
| Myelin | whitish, fatty, waxy substance coats many neurons, insulates and speeds up neural signals |
| Cell Body | Contains nucleus |
| Dendrites | receive incoming signals from other neurons |
| Axon | carries signals away from the body |
| Myelin Sheath | covers axons |
| Neurotransmitters | chemical messengers carry signals to synapse |
| Synapse | junction between two neurons where the axon bulb of one neuron comes into close proximity with specialized receptor sites on another neuron |
| Presynaptic Neuron | first neuron doesn't physically touch second neuron |
| Post Synaptic | Second Neuron |
| Resting Potential | difference in charges found inside and outside neuron |
| Ions | charged particles |
| Threshold of Excitation | where the ions channels along axon open up and allow NA+ to enter cell |
| Action Potentials | neural impulses |
| All or None Fashion | the way action potentials fire |
| Refractory Period | period where it is unable to fire another action potential |
| Excitation | neurotransmitter makes post synaptic cell more likely to fire action potential |
| Inhibition | stops message from continuing onward |
| Reuptake | Neurotransmitters are removed from synapse and returned to presynaptic neuron |
| Acetycholine | first neurotransmitter discovered |
| Dopamine | influences processes such as movement, learning, attention, and motivation |
| Norepinephrine | neurotransmitter plays role in regulating sleep, arousal, mood |
| Gammaaminbutpric Acid | regulates arousal, alertness and energy |
| Glutamate | chief excitatory neurotransmitter brain |
| Endorphins | neurotransmitter thats chemically similar to narcotic opiates |
| hindbrain | directly above spinal cord, bottom of brain, comprises medulla, pons and cerebullum |
| forebrain | in top part of skull and regulates complex mental processes, thinking and control |
| midbrain | behind hindbrain and forebrain, connection between basic functions of hindbrain and complex mental processes of forebrain |
| medulla | base of skull, that controls basic, life sustaining functions such as respiration, heart rate, + blood pressure |
| pons | hindbrain structure that plays a role in respiration, consciousness, sleep, dreaming, facial movement, sensory processes, and the transmission of neural signals from one part of the brain to another |
| cerebellum | hindbrain structure that plays role in balance, muscle tone, and coordination of motor movements |
| recticular formation | part of midbrain that regulates arousal and plays an important role in attention, sleep, and consciousness |
| limbic system | system of structures, including the amygdala and hippocampus, that govern certain aspects of emotion, motivation, and memory |
| cerbral cortex | thin, wrinkled outer covering of the brain in which high level processes such as thinking, planning, language, interpretation of sensory data and coordination of sensory and motor information take place |
| cerebral hemispheres | right + left sides of brain that to some degree govern different functions in the body |
| amygdala | part of limbic system that plays a role in the emotions of fear and aggression |
| hippocampus | part of the brain that plays a role in the transfer of information from short to long term memory |
| neuroplasticity | the nervous system ability to rewire its structures as a result of experience |
| thalamus | part of the forebrain that functions as a sensory relay station |
| hypothalamus | part of the forebrain that plays a role in maintaining homeostasis in the body, involving sleep, body temp., sexual behavior, thirst, and hunger, also the point whee the nervous system intersects with the endocrine system |
| homeostasis | an internal state of equilibrium in the body |
| frontal lobe | cortical area directly behind the forehead that plays a role in thinking, planning, decision making, language, and motor movement |
| parietal lobe | cortical area on the top sides of the brain that play a role in touch and certain cognitive processes |
| occipital lobe | cortical area at the back of the brain that plays a role in visual processing |
| temporal lobe | cortical area directly below the ears that play a role in auditory processing and language |
| broca's area | a region in the left frontal lobe that plays a role in the production of speech |
| Broca's aphasia | a condition resulting from damage to Broca's area of the brain that leaves the person unable to produce speech |
| Wernickes's Area | a region of the left temporal lobe that plays a role in the comprehension of speech |
| Wernicke's aphasia | a condition resulting from damage to wernicke's area of the brain that leaves a person unable to comprehend speech |
| corpus callosum | a thick band of neurons that connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain |
| split brains | hemispheres are no longer connected by neural pathways |
| association cortex | involve association of motor sensory areas of cortex |
| motor cortex | back of frontal lobe allows us to execute motor movements |
| somatosensory cortex | results in numbness to corresponding body parts if damaged, affects sense of touch, pressure and pain |
| visual cortex | processes visual information |
| endocrine system | relies on glands and is slower and procedures more long lasting affects |
| endocrine glands | release hormones throughout body |
| pituitary gland | regulates hormone release |
| estrogens | female sex hormones |
| androgens | male hormones |
| adrenal cortex | plays role in manufacture and release of androgens and therfore influences sexual characteristics |
| adrenal medulla | plays role in functioning of the sympathetic nervous system |
| sensation | sense organs: skin, eyes, nose, ears, mouth |
| perception | interpretation of sense organs |
| multimodal perception | all of these sense coming in at once |
| opponent process theory | vision |
| top down perceptual processing | occurs when we used previously gained knowledge to help us interpret stimulus agnosia- inability to recognize objects, people, feature detection theory- our brains have certain areas specific for recogntion visual illusions |
| bottom up perceptual processing | the need to use parts of a stimulus to build our perception brain thoughts and beliefs emotion sensory info/body temp |
| monocular depth cues | depth cues that require info from only one eye |
| binocular depth cues | depth cues that utilize info from both eyes |
Created by:
Alisicia
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