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Psych Exam 3
Chapter 8
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Herman Ebbinghaus | (1850-1909) studied capacity of memory Method: Nonsense syllables |
| Memory Processing | 3 types of memory processing (Encoding, Storage, Retrieval) |
| Encoding | Forming mental representation of information form the outside world |
| Storage | Maintaining information in the memory system |
| Retrieval | Recalling stored information |
| Sensory Memory | Sensory information form the environment is processed/ filtered 2 types: Iconic & echonic |
| Iconic Memory | Visual images; lasts 1-5 seconds; very large capacity |
| Echonic Memory | Auditory images; lasts 5-10 seconds; unlimited capacity |
| Sperling Studies | (1960;1963) flashed arrays of numbers/ letters quickly & asked subjects to report what they remember |
| Short Term Memory | Hold limited amount of information Millers' Magic Number: 7 +- 2 |
| Chunking | grouping items to improve memory |
| Working Memory | Baddeley identified STM as a "Working Memory" More active than short term |
| Long Term Memory | Preservation of information for retrieval at any later time Virtually unlimited capacity & duration |
| Implicit (Non-declarative) | Memories that can't be brought to mind consciously but can be expressed in behavior |
| Explicit (Declarative) | Conscious memory for facts & events 2 types: episodic & semantic |
| Episodic | Memories for special events, objects, & situations |
| Semantic | Memories for ideas, rules, & general concepts about the world |
| Flashbulb | Vivid, detailed recollections of momentous events EX: car accidents, 9/11 |
| Forgetting | 5 types: failure to encode, decay, motivated forgetting, interference, amnesia |
| Failure to Encode | never gets in |
| Decay | use it or loose it |
| Motivated Forgetting | some things we don't want to remember |
| Proactive Interference | The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information |
| Retroactive Interference | The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information |
| Amnesia | Direct impact of any injury to the brain |
| Retrograde Amnesia | Memories are from before injury |
| Anterograde | Memories are lost from after injury |
| Misinformation Effect | Recall of event is altered by introducing misleading post-event information |
| Source Amnesia | Making incorrect attributions about the origins of memories |
| Difference between false & true memories | False memories are indistinguishable from true memories |
| Recognition | The identification of a stimulus as having been experienced before |
| Recall | Reproducing information that was previously presented |
| Serial Position Effect | pg 318 |
| Primary Effect | Improved memory for items at start of list |
| Recency Effect | Improved memory for items at end of list |
| Shallow Processing | Attend to the 1st letter of each word in the list |
| Medium Processing | Identifying a word that rhymes with each word |
| Deep Processing | Thinking about the semantic meaning of each word |
| Self-Referencing | Think about whether or not each word describes some aspect of yourself |
| State Dependent Memory | Memories are aided or impeded by a person's internal state |
| Context Dependent Memory | Memories can be helped or hindered by similarities/differences where learning & recall occur |
| Mnemonics | Strategies for placing information in an organized context to remember it |
| Massed vs. Distributed Practice | cramming vs. studying over time |
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