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Psych Exam 3
vocab Ch 7 & 9
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Habituation | Decrease in responding to a stimulus following multiple exposures EX: living next to train tracks |
| Classical Conditioning | Stimulus A predicts the onset of stimulus B Through pairings of A & B, A acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally... |
| Ivan Pavlov | (1849-1936) Accidentally "discovered" classical conditioning Dog Saliva Experiment Won Nobel Prize |
| Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) | Object or event that the organism biological reacts to |
| Unconditioned Response (UR) | Natural response to the UCS No learning |
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) | Object or event that originally is neutral, but acquires ability to predict the UCS through repeated pairings |
| Conditioned Response (CR) | Learned reaction the organism develops in response to the CS |
| Acquisition 1 | Development of a classically conditioned response Repeated pairings of the CS & UCS |
| Extinction | Weakening of a classically conditioned response CS presented repeatedly without UCS Condition is weakened, not unlearned |
| Spontaneous Recovery | The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response |
| Stimulus Generalization | Extension of responding to stimuli that resemble CS EX: all black dogs are scary |
| Stimulus Discrimination | Ability to distinguish between CS & stimuli that are different from the UCS |
| John B. Watson | "The Father of Behaviorism" built on Pavlov's work "Little Albert Experiment" |
| Taste Aversion | The instinct to avoid poisonous/ harmful foods Goes against Blank Slate Theory |
| Prepared Fear | The instinct to be afraid of/ fear things Goes against Blank Slate Theory |
| Operant Conditioning | Learning in which the probability of a response is altered by its consequences |
| Edward Thorndike | "Law of Effect" - 1903 |
| Law of Effect | Behaviors followed by desirable consequences will happen again Behaviors followed by aversive consequences will happen less in the future |
| B.F. Skinner | Built off Thorndike's work Developed operant chamber "Skinner's Box" (rats & pigeons) |
| Positive | something is added |
| Negative | something is taken away |
| Reinforcement | Increases likelihood of a behavior happening in the future |
| Punishment | Decreases likelihood of behavior happening in the future |
| Acquisition | Learning new set of contingencies Key Features: timing, magnitude, consistency |
| Primary Reinforcers | An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need |
| Secondary Reinforcers | A stimulus that gains it reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer |
| Extinction | Decreasing a previously reinforced behavior; discontinue reinforcement |
| Extinction burst | (testing limits) |
| Discriminative Stimuli | Cues in the environment that signal a contingency is in place |
| Schedules of Reinforcement | The pattern/frequency of reinforcement impacts the speed of acquisition & resistance to extinction (Continuous, Partial, Ratio: fixed, variable, Interval: fixed, variable) |
| Continuous Reinforcement | Every instance of the target behavior is reinforced Rapid Acquisition/ Rapid Extinction |
| Partial Reinforcement | Not very instance is reinforced Slower Acquisition/ Slower Extinction Patterns: Fixed ratio, Variable ratio, Fixed interval, Variable interval |
| Fixed Ratio | Reinforcement provided after fixed # of responses EX: punch card |
| Variable Ratio | Reinforcement provided after a random (but specified) # of responses are made EX: slot machines |
| Fixed Interval | Reinforcement provided the first response after a fixed amount of time has passed since the last reward (scallop shape pattern) |
| Variable Interval | Reinforcement provided the first response that occurs after a random (but specified) amount of time has passed |
| Latent Learning | Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
| Intrinsic Motivation | A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake |
| Extrinsic Motivation | A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment |
| Learned Helplessness | Seligman & dogs in shuttle boxes dogs with no control over their environment developed learned helplessness |
| Observational Learning | Learning by observing the behavior of others |
| Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment | children who saw aggressive behavior, became more aggressive |
| Algorithm | Methodological approach (guarantee answer, but take forever) |
| Heuristic | Mental short-cut (decreased accuracy) |
| Availability Heuristic | Estimated the likelihood of an event based on it's availability in memory EX: Homicide rates, casino slot odds, terrorist attacks |
| Representative Heuristic | Estimating the likelihood of an event based on how well it matches a prototype |
| Framing | Judgments may be affected by how an issue is posed |
| Belief Perseverance | We hold on to beliefs despite evidence to the contrary |
| Wishful Thinking | We want to believe desired outcomes and will require little evidence |
| Overconfidence | The tendency to be more confident than correct - to over-estimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements |
| Confirmation Bias | A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence |
| Intuition | Pro: adaptive Con: could be wrong, no guarantee |
| Explicit Memory Formation | Frontal lobes & Hippocampus |
| Implicit Memory Formation | Cerebellum & Basal ganglia |
| Emotion-Related Memory Formation | Amygdala |
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