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RT 230 Ch 5,6
Pathology for RTs
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ascites (additive) | the accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity |
| Carcinoma of the gallbladder | occurs infrequently, but most neoplasms within the gallbladder are malignant |
| Cholecystitis | an acute inflammation of the gallbladder most frequently caused by an obstruction |
| Cholelithiasis (w/ stones,additive) | the presence of gallstones |
| Cirrhosis (both) | is a chronic liver condition in which the liver parenchyma and architecture are destroyed, fibrous tissue is laid down, and regenerative nodules are formed |
| Gallstone ileus | a condition in which gallstones erode from the gallbladder, creating a fistula to the small bowel that may cause a bowel obstruction |
| Hepatitis | an inflammation of the liver resulting from a variety of causes |
| Hepatomegaly | enlargement of the liver as might be seen with viral hepatitis |
| Jaundice | yellowish discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by bilirubin accumulation in the body tissues |
| Medical Jaundice | results from hemolytic disease, in which excessive amounts of red blood cells are destoyed, or when the liver is damaged as a result of cirrhosis or hepatitis |
| Metastatic liver disease (subtractive) | the liver is a common site for metastasis from other primary sites, because of the liver's role in filtering blood |
| Pancreatic cancer | rapidly fatal due to difficulty diagnosing, most of the tumors arise as epithelial tumors of the duct and cause pancreatic obstruction |
| Pancreatitis (none) | acute or chronic, asymptomatic or symptomatic inflammation of the pancreas caused by auto-digestion by pancreatic enzymes |
| Pseudocyst | an abnormal or displaced space resembling a cyst |
| Surgical jaundice | results from biliary obstruction, which prevents bile from entering the duodenum |
| Common Hepatic duct | Bile drain's from the liver's right and left hepatic ducts directly into the what? |
| Ascites, Esophageal varices, Jaundice | Patients with liver cirrhosis have a tendency to develop what? |
| Hep B and C | Which types of viral hepatitis may be transmitted via blood or blood products? |
| CT and Ultrasound | The diagnostic imaging modalities of choice for following the progress of a liver malignancy are? |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | A malignant liver tumor |
| Oral cholecystogram (OCG) | functional exam of biliary system |
| Percutaneous transhepatic cholangoigram (PTC) | visualizes the biliary tree |
| Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram (ERCP) | visualizes the biliary system and main pancreatic duct |
| T-tube cholangiogram | visualizes common bile duct |
| Hepatitis A | most common and highly contagious, excreted from the GI tract into fecal material, spread by contact |
| Hepatitis B | transmitted in infected serum or blood products, more severe than Hep A, can be vaccinated (HBV) |
| Hepatitis C | accounts for 80% of the cases of hepatitis that develops after blood transfusions, radiographically as hepatomegaly |
| Bladder carcinoma | tumors are generally small and located in the area of the trigone |
| Crossed ectopy | a condition in which one kidney lies across the body midline and is fused to the other kidney |
| Cystitis (additive) | inflammation of the bladder as a result of its infection |
| Ectopic Kidney | a kidney that is out of its normal position, usually lower than normal |
| Foley Catheter | a catheter that is placed thru the urethra and retained in the urinary bladder by a balloon that is inflated with air or fluid |
| Horseshoe kidney | a condition in which the lower poles of the kidney are joined across midline by a band of soft tissues, resulting in a roatation anomaly on one or both sides |
| Hydronephrosis (additive) | an obstruction disease of the urinary system that causes a dilatation of the renal pelvis and calyces with urine |
| Hyperplasia | overdevelopment |
| Hypoplasia | less than normal development |
| Malrotation | consists of incomplete or excessive rotation of the kidneys as they ascend from the pelvis in utero |
| Nephroblastoma (Wilm's tumor) | a rapidly developing malignancy of the kidneys, usually affecting children before age 5 |
| Nephroptosis | prolapse of a kidney, mobile kidney that drops toward the pelvis when the pt is erect |
| Nephrostomy tube | a tube inserted thru the abdominal wall into the renal pelvis to drain urine |
| Polycystic kidney disease (subtractive) | a familial kidney disorder in which innumerable tiny cysts that are present congenitally gradually enlarge during aging to compress and eventually destroy normal tissues |
| Pyelonephritis | bacterial infection of the kidney and its pelvis |
| Pyuria | the presence of pus in the urine created by its drainage from renal abscesses into the kidneys collecting tubules |
| Renal Calculi | are stones that develop from urine and can precipitate crystalline materials, especially calcium and its salts |
| Renal colic | severe, intermittent pain caused by movement of stones or acute obstructions |
| Renal cysts (subtractive) | an acquired abnormality common in adults, simple cysts that may be solitary or multiple and bilateral. |
| Renal failure | the end result of a chronic process that gradually results in lost kidney function |
| Staghorn calculus | a large renal calculus that assumes the shape of the pelvicalyceal junction, resembling the horn of a stag |
| Supernumerary Kidney | a relatively rare anomaly consisting of the presence of a third, small rudimentary kidney |
| Uremia | the retention of urea in the blood, as characteristic of renal failure |
| Ureteral diverticula | an outpouching in the ureteral wall |
| Ureteral stent | a tube used to maintain patency of the ureter. with the proximal end placed in the renal pelvis and the distal end placed in the urinary bladder |
| Urethal valve | congenital presence of mucosal folds that protrude into the posterior urethra, which may cause significant obstruction to urine flow |
| Urinary tract infection | is an infection in the urinary tract usually caused by a gramnegative bacillus that invades by an ascending route thru the urethra to the bladder to the kidney |
| Vesicoureteral reflux | the backward flow of urine out of the bladder and into the ureters. |
| 1 to 1.5 liters | The amount of urine formed in a typical day is? |
| Nephron | The microscopic unit in the kidney where urine is formed and excreted |
| BUN and creatinine levels, and coloration of urine | Urinary system disorders may be suggested by abnormal levels of what? |
| fusion | Horseshoe kidney is an anomaly of what? |
| Ureteroceles | are ureteral dilations near the ureter's termination |
| Doppler ultrasound | arterial and venous renal blood flow for a patient who has received a kidney transplant is best assessed by what imaging modality? |
| Urea | renal failure is characterized by the abnormal retention of what substance in the blood? |
| BUN | blood urea nitrogen |
| Creatinine | is a waste product derived from a breakdown of a compound normally found in muscle tissue |
| 8-25 mg | normal BUN level |
| .6-1.5 mg/dl | normal creatine level |
| UPJ (ureteropelvic junction) and UVJ (ureterovesical junction) | What are the 2 valves of the ureter? |
| reflux | What does a cystogram demonstrate? |
| urethral strictures | What does a voiding cystogram study? |
| non-functional | Does retrograde imply functional or non-functional test? |
| Renal angiography | What test is most invasive and is used to evaluate a malignant renal mass? |
| Renal agenesis | the absence of a kidney on one side and large kidney on the other side |
Created by:
Chrslarsen
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