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Psych
Chapters 1-4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Who is considered the "founder" of Psychology? | Wilhelm Wundt |
| Who said "free will is an illusion"? | B.F. Skinner |
| What school of thought did Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow support? | Humanism |
| Who said that psychology should study, instead of consciousness, only observable behaviour? | John B. Watson |
| Who created Functionalism? | William James |
| Who studied the unconscious mind? | Sigmund Freud |
| Who helped further the influence of psychology? | G. Stanley Hall |
| Dependent Variable: | The variable that is affected by manipulation of the studied variable |
| Hypothesis | A tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables |
| Operational Definition | Describes the actions or operations that will be used to control or measure a variable. |
| Subjects | The persons or animals whose behaviour is systematically observed in a study |
| Control Group | Consists of similar subjects to another group, that do not receive the special treatment given to the other |
| Independent Variable | A condition or event that an experimenter manipulates in order to see its impact on another variable |
| Extraneous variables | Any variables other than the independent variable that seem likely to influence the D.V. in a specific study |
| Experiment | A research method in which the investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled condition and observes whether any changes occur in a 2nd variable as a result |
| Experimental Group | Consists of the subjects who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable |
| Correlational Coefficient | A numerical index to the degree of relationship between two variables (indicates +or- and strength) |
| Social Desirability Bias | A tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself |
| Replication | The repetition of a study to see whether the earlier results are duplicated |
| Percentile Score | Indicates the percentage of people who score at or below a particular score |
| Behavioural Genetics | An interdisciplinary field that studies the influence of genetic factors on behavioural traits |
| Inclusive Fitness | The sum of an individual's own reproductive success plus the effects the organism has on the reproductive success of related others |
| Polygenetic traits | Characteristic that are influenced by more than one pair of genes |
| Mutation | A spontaneous heritable change in a piece of DNA that occurs in an individual organism |
| Identical twins | Emerge from one zygote that splits for unknown reasons |
| Fraternal twins | Result when two eggs are fertilized at once by different sperm cells |
| Signal-detection Theory | The detection of sensory inputs is influenced by noise in the system and by decision-making strategies |
| Sensory adaptation | A reduction in sensitivity to constant stimulation |
| Transduction | Conversion of one energy to another |
| Optic Disk | A hole in the retina in which rods and cones exiting the eye |
| Bipolar cells | Cells that rods and cones send messages through |
| Hubel and Weisel suggest: | Visual cortex contains cells that function as feature detectors |
| Feature detectors | Neurons that respond specifically to features of complex stimuli |
| Additive colour mixing | Adding more light in the mix than any one light |
| Subtractive colour mixing | Removing some wavelengths of light |
| Opponent Process Theory (Hering) | Holds that receptors make antagonistic responses to three pairs of colours: white-black, red-green, yellow-blue |
| Trichromatic Theory (Young-Hemholtz) | Holds that the eye has 3 groups of receptors that are responsible for perception of colour and sensitive to red green and blue |
| Gestalt Principles of Organization | Explains how we group info into meaningful wholes |
| Binocular cues | Cues about distance based on the differing views of the two eyes |
| Illusion | When stimulus appearance is not equal to physical reality |
| Cochlea | Fluid filled, coiled tunnel that houses the inner ear's neural tissue |
| Basilar membrane | Holds the hair cells (cilia) that serve as auditory receptors |
| Frequency Theory | Holds that perception of pitch depends on the basilar membrane's rate of vibration |
| Place Theory | Holds that the perception of pitch depends on the portion, or place, of the basilar membrane vibrated |
| Auditory Localization | Locating a sound in space |
| Four basic tastes | Salty, sweet, sour, bitter |
| Newest added taste | Umami |
| Weber's Law | States that the size of a Just noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the size of the initial stimulus |
| Flecher's Law | Asserts that larger and larger increases in stimulus intensity are required to produce Just noticeable differences in the magnitude of sensation |
| Psychology's intellectual parents | Classic Philosophy and Physiology |
| Where the first psychological research laboratory was established | Liepzig, Germany |
| Structuralism's creator | E. Titchener |
| Introspection | The self-observation of one's own conscious experience |
| Wilhem Wundt defined the psychology as the scientific study of ________ | Consciousness |
| _______ Demonstrated organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive consequences and not to repeat responses that lead to neutral/negative consequences | B.F. Skinner |
| New theoretical orientation created as a result of Behaviourism and Psychoanalytic Theory being unsatisfacory and pessimistic | Humanism |
| Led by Carl rogers & Abraham Maslow, this theory emphasized: | Unique qualities of human behaviour and humans' freedom & potential of growth |
| Established the first experimental psych lab in Canada | James Mark Baldwin |
| Clinical psych grew rapidly in the 1950s as a result of | Demands of World War II |
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