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Test Review Question

Quiz 4 Psych

QuestionAnswer
What is a Condtioned stimulus a previously neutral stimulus that, through associative learning, comes to signal the arrival of a biologically relevant event;
in the case of Pavlov’s dogs, the bell was the conditioned stimulus
Unconditioned Stimulus a stimulus that naturally elicits a reflexive response
Puff of air in which naturally elicits and eye blink is an example of an unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned Response a reflexive response that is triggered by an unconditioned stimulus
salivation in response to food powder in the mouth is an example of an unconditioned response
For classical conditioning to occur.. the conditioned stimulus MUST PRECEDE the unconditioned stimulus
What is Spontaneous Recovery is the resumption of a previously extinguished conditioned response when presented with the conditioned stimulus after a delay
the eyeblink in response to the pen tap after the brief delay of about 10 to 15 minutes is an example of spontaneous recovery
Generalization involves reacting to stimuli that are similar to, but not identical to, the conditioned stimulus
salivating in response to a cowbell, the original conditioned stimulus, and a doorbell, a related stimulus that was not previously paired with the unconditioned stimulus are examples of generalization
Discrimination involves responding only to the specific conditioned stimulus but not to similar stimuli
salivating in response to a cowbell – the conditioned stimulus – BUT NOT to a doorbell is an example of discrimination
Law of Effect states that the strongest influence on behavior is its consequences
Shaping involves reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly closer to the target behavior in an attempt to get the actual target behavior (
when trying to get a student to tap her head, we first reinforced her for lifting her hands, then for putting her hands on her neck, then for touching the top of her head, and finally for tapping her head is an example of shaping
giving food pellets to a rat after every 10 lever presses is an example of Fixed-Ratio Schedule
The main difference between negative reinforcement and punishment is that negative reinforcement increases the rate of responding by removing an aversive stimulus while punishment decreases the rate of responding.
is a slot machine which provides a pay-out, on average, every 10th pull of the lever is an example of Variable Ratio reinforcement schedule
neural mechanism for empathy are believed to be Mirror neurons
Modeling imitationg the behaviors of other people
Who demonstrated the impact of watching aggressive role models on children’s aggressive behavior. Albert Bandura
Observational Learning involves learning a behavior by watching another person or animal perform that behavior.
• The associations that can be learned through classical conditioned are biologically determined and have evolved through the process of natural selection
It is only possible to determine whether a consequence is a reinforcer or a punisher once we have seen what its impact is on the individual behavior
Outcome expectancies are beliefs about the effects of a behavior
If I think that drinking will make me relax I hold a positive outcome expectancy
if I think that driving after drinking will cause me to have an accident, then I hold a negative outcome expectancy
Primary Reinforcers are naturally reinforcing because they meet a biological need
sex and food for are example of primary reinforcer
Secondary reinforcers get their reinforcing value through classically conditioned associations with primary reinforcers
money is an example of secondary reinforcer
teach animals tricks such as fetching balls or jumping through hoops is an example of Operant conditioning
Created by: julshock
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