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mana 4345 test 2
vocab covering ch 3-6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| an interconnected network of thousands of networks and millions of computers linking businesses, educational institutions, government agencies, and individuals | Internet |
| one of the Internet’s most popular services, providing access to over 100 billion Web pages | the Web |
| a method of slicing digital messages into packets, sending the packets along different communication paths as they become available, and then reassembling the packets once they arrive at their destination | packet switching, |
| the discrete units into which digital messages are sliced for transmission over the Internet | packet |
| special-purpose computer that interconnects the computer networks that make up the Internet and routes packets to their ultimate destination as they travel the Internet | router |
| computer program that ensures that packets take the best available path toward their destination | routing algorithm |
| a set of rules and standards for data transfer | protocol |
| the core communications protocol for the Internet | Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) |
| protocol that establishes the connections among sending and receiving Web computers and handles the assembly of packets at the point of transmission, and their re-assembly at the receiving end | TCP |
| protocol that provides the Internet’s addressing scheme and is responsible for the actual delivery of the packets | IP |
| responsible for placing packets on and receiving them from the network medium | Network Interface Layer |
| responsible for addressing, packaging, and routing messages on the Internet | Internet Layer |
| responsible for providing communication with the application by acknowledging and sequencing the packets to and from the application | Transport Layer |
| provides a wide variety of applications with the ability to access the services of the lower layers | Application Layer |
| Internet address expressed as a 32-bit number that appears as a series of four separate numbers marked off by periods, such as 64.49.254.91 | IPv4 Internet address |
| Internet address expressed as 128 bit number | IPv6 Internet address |
| IP address expressed in natural language | domain name |
| system for expressing numeric IP addresses in natural language | Domain Name System (DNS) |
| the address used by a Web browser to identify the location of content on the Web | Uniform Resource Locator (URL) |
| a model of computing in which powerful personal computers are connected in a network together with one or more servers | client/server computing |
| a powerful personal computer that is part of a network | client |
| networked computer dedicated to common functions that the client computers on the network need | | server |
| model of computing in which firms and individuals obtain computing power and software over the Internet | cloud computing, |
| the Internet protocol used for transferring Web pages | Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) |
| the Internet protocol used to send mail to a server | Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) |
| a protocol used by the client to retrieve mail from an Internet server | Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3) |
| a more current e-mail protocol that allows users to search, organize, and filter their mail prior to downloading it from the server | Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) |
| one of the original Internet services. Part of the TCP/IP protocol that permits users to transfer files from the server to their client computer, and vice versa | File Transfer Protocol (FTP) |
| a terminal emulation program that runs in TCP/IP | Telnet |
| a protocol that secures communications between the client and the server | Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) |
| a program that allows you to check the connection between your client and the server | Ping |
| one of several route-tracing utilities that allow you to follow the path of a message you send from your client to a remote computer on the Internet | Tracert |
| layer of Internet technology that is composed of telecommunications networks and protocols | Network Technology Substrate layer |
| layer of the internet architecture that houses the TCP/IP protocol | Transport Services and Representation Standards layer |
| layer of Internet architecture that contains client applications | Applications layer |
| the “glue” that ties the applications to the communications networks, and includes such services as security, authentication, addresses, and storage repositories | Middleware Services layer |
| owns and controls one of the major networks comprising the Internet’s backbone | Network Service Provider (NSP) |
| high-bandwidth fiber-optic cable that transports data across the Internet | backbone |
| measures how much data can be transferred over a communications medium within a fixed period of time; is usually expressed in bits per second (bps), kilobits per second (Kbps), megabits per second (Mbps),or gigabits per second (Gbps) | bandwidth |
| multiple duplicate devices and paths in a network | redundancy |
| hub where the backbone intersects with local and regional networks and where backbone owners connect with one another | internet Exchange Point (IXP) |
| generally, a local area network operating within a single organization that leases access to the Web directly from regional and national carriers | campus area networks (CAN) |
| firm that provides the lowest level of service in the multi-tiered Internet architecture by leasing Internet access to home owners, small businesses, and some large institutions | Internet Service Provider (ISP) |
| the traditional telephone modem connection, now operating at 56.6 Kbps | narrowband |
| refers to any communication technology that permits clients to play streaming audio and video files at acceptable speeds—generally anything above 100 Kbps | broadband |
| delivering high-speed access through ordinary telephone lines found in homes or businesses | Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) |
| technology that piggybacks digital access to the Internet on top of the analog video cable providing television signals to a home | cable modem |
| an international telephone standard for digital communication that offers guaranteed delivery at 1.54 Mbps | T1 |
| an international telephone standard for digital communication that offers guaranteed delivery at 45 Mbps | T3 |
| a TCP/IP network located within a single organization for purposes of communications and information processing | intranet |
| formed when firms permit outsiders to access their internal TCP/IP networks | extranet |
| delays in messages caused by the uneven flow of information packets through the network | latency |
| a consortium of more than 200 universities, government agencies, and private businesses that are collaborating to find ways to make the Internet more efficient | Internet2® |
| consists of up to hundreds of strands of glass or plastic that use light to transmit data | fiber-optic cable |
| also referred to as 802.11b, 802.11a (Wi-Fi5), and 802.16 (WiMAX). Wireless standard for Ethernet networks with greater speed and range than Bluetooth | Wi-Fi |
| new technology standard for short-range wireless communication under 10 meters | Bluetooth |
| a set of technologies that enables efficient delivery of data to many locations on a network | IP multicasting |
| a new technology that assigns levels of priority to packets based on the type of data being transmitted | differentiated quality of service (diffserv) |
| Web browser with a graphical user interface(GUI) that made it possible to view documents on the Web graphically | Mosaic |
| the sharing of files, information, graphics, sound, video, and other objects across all computer platforms in the world, regardless of operating system | universal computing |
| the first commercial Web browser | Netscape Navigator |
| Microsoft’s Web browser | Internet Explorer |
| a way of formatting pages with embedded links that connect documents to one another, and that also link pages to other objects such as sound, video, or animation files | hypertext |
| one of the next generation of GMLs that is relatively easy to use in Web page design. ____ provides Web page designers with a fixed set of markup “tags” that are used to format a Web page | Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) |
| a markup language specification developed by the W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) that is designed to describe data and information | | eXtensible Markup Language (XML) |
| software that enables a computer to deliver Web pages written in HTML to client computers on a network that request this service by sending an HTTP request | Web server software |
| server designed to access specific information with a database | database server |
| server designed to deliver targeted banner ads | ad server |
| server that provides e-mail messages | mail server |
| server that serves video clips | video server |
| any computing device attached to the Internet that is capable of making HTTP requests and displaying HTML pages, most commonly a Windows PC or Macintosh | Web client |
| the most-used application of the Internet. Uses a series of protocols to enable messages containing text, images, sound, and video clips to be transferred from one Internet user to another | electronic mail (e-mail) |
| a file inserted within an e-mail message | attachment |
| displays words typed on a computer almost instantaneously. Recipients can then respond immediately to the sender the same way, making the communication more like a live conversation than is possible through e-mail | instant messaging (IM) |
| identifies Web pages that appear to match keywords, also called queries, typed by the user and provides a list of the best matches | search engine |
| software program that gathers and/or filters information on a specific topic and then provides a list of results for the user | intelligent agent |
| a Web application that allows Internet users to communicate with each other, although not in real time | online forum |
| enables users to communicate via computer in real time, that is, simultaneously. Unlike IM, ____ can occur among several users | online chat |
| enables music, video, and other large files to be sent to users in chunks so that when received and played, the file comes through uninterrupted | | streaming media |
| a tool used by Web sites to store any information about a user when a visitor enters a Web site, the site sends a small text file (the ______) to the user’s computer so that information from the site can be loaded more quickly on future visits. | cookie |
| personal Web page that is created by an individual or corporation to communicate with readers | blog |
| program that allows users to have digital content, including text, articles, blogs and podcast audio files, automatically sent to their computers over the Internet | Really Simple Syndication (RSS) |
| an audio presentation—such as a radio show, audio from a movie, or simply personal audio presentations—stored as an audio file and posted to the Web | podcast |
| Web application that allows a user to easily add and edit content on a Web page | wiki |
| a general term for the technologies that use VoIP and the Internet’s packet-switched network to transmit voice and other forms of audio communication over the Internet | IP telephony |
| protocol that allows for transmission of voice and other forms of audio communication over the Internet | Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) |
| uses high-bandwidth Internet connections to deliver television programming to the home | | IPTV |
| a methodology for understanding the business objectives of any system and designing an appropriate solution | systems development life cycle (SDLC) |
| a list of capabilities you want your site to have | business objectives |
| a list of the types of information systems capabilities you will need to achieve your business objectives | system functionalities |
| the information elements that the system must produce in order to achieve the business objectives | information requirements |
| description of the main components in a system and their relationship to one another | system design specification |
| describes the flow of information at your e-commerce site: processing functions, , the databases, the security and emergency backup procedures, and the controls that will be used in the system | logical design |
| translates the logical design into physical components | physical design |
| hiring an outside vendor to provide the services you cannot perform with in-house personnel | outsourcing |
| when a firm purchases or leases a Web server (and has total control over its operation) but locates the server in a vendor’s physical facility. The vendor maintains the facility, communications lines, and the machinery | | co-location |
| involves testing the site’s program modules one at a time | unit testing |
| involves testing the site as a whole, in a way the typical user will use the site | system testing |
| verifies that the business objectives of the system as originally conceived are in fact working | acceptance testing |
| a process in which the site is compared with those of competitors in terms of response speed, quality of layout, and design | benchmarking |
| the arrangement of software, machinery, and tasks in an information system needed to achieve a specific functionality | system architecture |
| e-commerce system architecture in which a Web server responds to requests for Web pages and a database server provides backend data storage | two-tier architecture |
| e-commerce system architecture in which the Web server is linked to a middle-tier layer that typically includes a series of application servers that perform specific tasks as well as to a backend layer of existing corporate systems | multi-tier architecture |
| verify that links on pages are still valid and also identify orphan files | site management tools |
| the contents of a Web page are stored as objects in a database, rather than being hard-coded in HTML. When the user requests a Web page, the contents for that page are then fetched from the database | dynamic page generation |
| used to create and manage Web content | Web content management system (WCMS, WebCMS) |
| software programs that provide specific business functionality required of a Web site | Web application server |
| software that provides the basic functionality needed for online sales, including an online catalog, order taking via an online shopping cart, and online credit card processing | e-commerce merchant server software |
| list of products available on a Web site | online catalog |
| allows shoppers to set aside desired purchases in preparation for checkout, review what they have selected, edit their selections as necessary, and then actually make the purchase by clicking a button | shopping cart |
| offers an integrated environment that provides most or all of the functionality and capabilities needed to develop a sophisticated, customer-centric site | merchant server software package (e-commerce server suite) |
| refers to all the underlying computing equipment that the system uses to achieve its e-commerce functionality | hardware platform |
| refers to the fact that the server does not have to maintain an ongoing, dedicated interaction with the client | stateless |
| requires input/output operations rather than heavy-duty processing power | I/O intensive |
| refers to the nature of customer requests and customer behavior at a site | user profile |
| operations that require a great deal of processing power | CPU-intensive |
| refers to the ability of a site to increase in size as demand warrants | scalability |
| increasing the processing power of individual components | vertical scaling |
| employing multiple computers to share the workload | horizontal scaling |
| a small, pre-built chunk of code that executes automatically in your HTML Web page; capable of performing a wide variety of tasks | widget |
| a set of standards for communication between a browser and a program running on a server that allows for interaction between the user and the server | Common Gateway Interface (CGI) |
| a proprietary software development tool that enables programmers using Microsoft’s IIS package to build dynamic pages | Active Server Pages (ASP) |
| a programming language that allows programmers to create interactivity and active content on the client computer, thereby saving considerable load on the server | Java |
| like CGI and ASP, a Web page coding standard that allows developers to dynamically generate Web pages in response to user requests | Java Server Pages (JSP) |
| a programming language invented by Netscape that is used to control the objects on an HTML page and handle interactions with the browser | JavaScript |
| a programming language created by Microsoft to compete with Java | ActiveX |
| a programming language invented by Microsoft to compete with JavaScript | VBScript |
| an integrated server-side environment for developing interactive Web applications | ColdFusion |
| a set of public statements declaring to your customers how you treat their personal information that you gather on the site | privacy policy |
| a set of design objectives that ensure disabled users can effectively access your site | accessibility rules |
| version of a regular web site that is scaled downin content and navigation | mobile Web site |
| application built to run on the mobile web browswer built into a smartphone or tablet computer | mobile Web app |
| application designed specifically to operate using the mobile devices hardware and operating system. | native app |
| the ability to ensure that information being displayed on a Web site or transmitted or received over the Internet has not been altered in any way by an unauthorized party | integrity |
| the ability to ensure that e-commerce participants do not deny (i.e., repudiate) their online actions | nonrepudiation |
| the ability to identify the identity of a person or entity with whom you are dealing on the Internet | authenticity |
| the ability to ensure that messages and data are available only to those who are authorized to view them | confidentiality |
| the ability to control the use of information about oneself | privacy |
| the ability to ensure that an e-commerce site continues to function as intended | availability |
| includes a variety of threats such as viruses, worms, Trojan horses, and bots | malicious code (malware) |
| maleware that comes with a downloaded file that a user requests | drive-by download |
| a computer program that has the ability to replicate or make copies of itself. and spread to other files | virus |
| malware that is designed to spread from computer to computer | worm |
| appears to be benign, but then does something other than expected. Often a way for viruses or other malicious code to be introduced into a computer system | Trojan horse |
| type of malicious code that can be covertly installed on a computer when attached to the Internet. Once installed, the ___ responds to external commands sent by the attacker | bot |
| collection of captured bot computers | botnet |
| a program that can monitor and change the settings of a user's browser | browser parasite |
| a program used to obtain information such as user's keystrokes, e-mail, instant messages, and so on | spyware |
| any deceptive, online attempt by a third party to obtain confidential information for financial gain | phishing |
| exploitation of human fallibility and gullibility to distribute malware | social engineering |
| an individual who intends to gain unauthorized access to a computer system | hacker |
| within the hacking community, a term typically used to denote a hacker with criminal intent | cracker |
| "good" hackers who help organizations locate and fix security flaws | white hats |
| hackers who act with the intention of causing harm | black hats |
| hackers who believe they are pursuing some greater good by breaking in and revealing system flaws | grey hats |
| to misrepresent oneself by using fake e-mail addresses or masquerading as someone else | spoof |
| occurs when an organization loses control over its information to outsiders | data breach |
| flooding a Web site with useless traffic to inundate and overwhelm the network | Denial of service attack (DoS) |
| using numerous computers to attack the target network from numerous launch points | Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack |
| a type of eavesdropping program that monitors information traveling over a network | Sniffer |
| the process of transforming plain text or data into cipher text that cannot be read by anyone other than the sender and the receiver. The purpose of ________ is (a) to secure stored information and (b) to secure information transmission | encryption |
| text that has been encrypted and thus cannot be read by anyone other than the sender and the receiver | cipher text |
| any method for transforming plain text to cipher text | Key (cipher) |
| every occurrence of a given letter is replaced systematically by another letter | Substitution cipher |
| the ordering of the letters in each word is changed in some systematic way | transposition cipher |
| both the sender and the receiver use the same key to encrypt and decrypt the message | symmetric key encryption (secret key encryption) |
| developed by the National Security Agency (NSA) and IBM. Uses a 56-bit encryption key | Data encryption standard (DES) |
| The most widely used symmetric key encryption algorithm. Offers 128-, 192-, and 256-bit keys. | Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) |
| two mathematically related digital keys are used: a public key and a private key. Both keys can be used to encrypt and decrypt a message. However, once the keys are used to encrypt a message, that same key cannot be used to unencrypt the message | public key cryptography |
| an algorithm that produces a fixed-length number called a hash or message digest | hash function |
| "signed" cipher text that can be sent over the Internet | digital signature e-signature |
| a technique that uses symmetric encryption for large documents, but public key encryption to encrypt and send the symmetric key | digital envelope |
| a digital document issued by a certification authority that contains the name company, public key, a digital certificate serial number, an expiration date, an issuance date, the digital signature of the CA, and other identifying information | digital certificate |
| a trusted third party that issues digital certificates | certification authority CA |
| CAs and digital certificate procedures that are accepted by all parties | public key infrastructure (PKI) |
| a widely used email public key encryption software program | Pretty Good Privacy PGP |
| a client-server session in which the URL of the requested document, along with the contents, contents of forms, and the cookies exchanged, are encrypted | secure negotiated session |
| a unique symmetric encryption key chosen for a single secure session | session key |
| allows remote users to securely access internal networks via the Internet, using the Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) | virtual private network (VPN) |
| refers to either hardware or software that filters communication packets and prevents some packets from entering the network based on a security policy | firewall |
| software server that handles all communications originating from or being sent to the Internet, acting as a spokesperson or bodyguard for the organization | proxy server (proxy) |
| an assessment of the risks and points of vulnerability | risk assessment |
| a set of statements prioritizing the information risks, identifying acceptable risk targets, and identifying the mechanisms for achieving these targets | security policy |
| the action steps you will take to achieve the security plan goals | implementation plan |
| educates and trains users, keeps management aware of security threats and breakdowns, and maintains the tools chosen to implement security | security organization |
| determine who can gain legitimate access to a network | access controls |
| include the use of digital signatures, certificates of authority, and public key infrastructure | authentication procedures |
| the study of measurable biological or physical characteristics | biometrics |
| small devices that generate six-digit passwords to prevent theft of passwords | security token |
| determine differing levels of access to information assets for differing levels of users | authorization policies |
| establishes where and when a user is permitted to access certain parts of a Web site | authorization management system |
| involves the routine review of access logs (identifying how outsiders are using the site as well as how insiders are accessing the site's assets) | security audit |
| Monitors and tracks online criminal activity reported to it by private corporations and government agencies that seek out its help | CERT Coordination Center |
| division of the US Department of Homeland Security that coordinates cyber incident warnings and responses across government and private sectors | US-CERT |
| legal tender defined by a national authority to represent value | cash |
| the period of time between a purchase and actual payment for the purchase | float |
| funds transferred directly via a signed draft or check from a consumer's checking account to a merchant or other individual | checking transfer |
| represents an account that extends credit to consumers, permits consumers to purchase items while deferring payment, and allows consumers to make payments to multiple vendors at one time | credit card |
| nonprofit association that sets standards for issuing banks | credit card association |
| bank that actually issues credit cards and processes transactions | issuing bank |
| institution that handles verification of accounts and balances | processing center (clearinghouse) |
| account created by depositing funds into an account and from which funds are paid out or withdrawn as needed | stored-value payment system |
| immediately debits a checking or other demand deposit account | debit card |
| account that accumulates expenditures and to which consumers makes periodic payments | accumulating balance payment system |
| a bank account that allows companies to process credit card payments and receive funds from those transactions | merchant account |
| emulates the functionality of a regular wallet by authenticating the consumer, storing and transferring value, and securing the payment process from consumer to merchant | digital wallet |
| an alternative payment system developed for ecommerce in which unique, authenticated tokens representing cash value are transmitted from consumers to merchants | digital cash |
| permits consumers to make instant, online payments to merchants and other individuals based on value stored in an online account | online stored value payment system |
| a credit-card sized plastic cards with an embedded chip that stores personal information; can be used to support mobile wireless ecommerce payments | smart card |
| a method of automatic identification that uses short range radio signals to identify objects and users | radio frequency identification (RFID) |
| system allows users to make micro payments and purchases on the Web, accumulating a debit balance for which they are billed at the end of the month | digital accumulating balance payment |
| seeks to extend the functionality of existing checking accounts for use as online shopping payment tool | digital checking payment system |
| form of online payment systems for monthly bills | electronic billing presentment and payment (EBPP) system |
| A social science discipline that attempts to model and understand the behavior of humans in a marketplace | consumer behavior |
| Shapes basic human values wants perceptions and behaviors | culture |
| Subset of cultures that form around major social differences | subculture |
| Ones family profession or occupation religion neighborhood and schools | direct reference groups |
| Ones lify-cycle stage social class and life style group | indirect reference groups |
| Influence the behavior of others through their personality skills or other factors | opinion leaders (viral influencers) |
| An integrated pattern of activities interest and opinions | lifestyle group |
| Set of needs drives motivators perceptions and learned behaviors | psychological profile |
| Divides a market into different groups based on social class lifestyle and/or personality characteristics | psychographic research |
| The transaction log that consumers establish as they move about the web | clickstream behavior |
| The bundle of capabilities and services offered by the product or service | feature set |
| The strategies and actions firms take to establish a relationship with a consumer and encourage purchases of its products or services | marketing |
| Using the web as well as traditional channels to develop a positive long term relationship with customers thereby creating a competitive advantage for the firm by allowing it to charge higher prices | Internet marketing |
| A good or service for which there are many dealers supplying the same product and all products in the segment are essentially identical | commodity |
| The core benefit the customer receives from the product | core product |
| The set of characteristics designed to deliver the products core benefits | actual product |
| A product with additional benefits to customers beyond the core benefits embodied in the actual product | augmented product |
| A set of expectations that consumers have relative to product or service from a specific company | brand |
| Process of brand creation | branding |
| When marketers are able to directly influence the design of the core product based on market research and feedback | closed loop marketing |
| A set of plans for differentiating a product from its competitor’s and communicating them effectively to the marketplace | brand strategy |
| The estimated value of the premium customers are willing to pay for using a branded product when compared to unbranded competitors | brand equity |
| The overall costs of converting a prospect into a consumer | customer acquisition costs |
| Costs incurred in convincing an existing customer to purchase again | customer retention costs |
| With complete price transparency in a perfect information marketplace there will be one world price for every product | Law of One Price |
| The difference between the highest and lowest prices in a market | price dispersion |
| An attempt to appeal to consumers on the basis of the total number of products offered | library effect |
| Records users activity at a web site | transaction log |
| Gather personal data on name address phone zip code email address and other optional self confessed information on interests and tastes | registration forms |
| Captures all the item selection purchases and payment data | shopping cart database |
| A software application that stores records and attributes | Database |
| A software application used by organizations to create maintain and access databases | database management system (DBMS) |
| An industry standard database query and manipulation language used in relational databases | SQL (Structured Query Language) |
| Represent data as two dimensional tables with records organized in rows and attributes in columns data within different tables can be flexibly related as long as the tables share a common data element | relational databases |
| A database that collects a firms transactional and customer data in a single location for offline analysis | data warehouse |
| A set of analytical techniques that look for patterns in the data of a database or data warehouse or seek to model the behavior of customers | data mining |
| A description of the typical behavior of a customer or a group of customers at a website | customer profile |
| Data mining based on specific queries | query-driven data mining, |
| Involves the use of a model that analyzes the key variables of interest to decision makers | model-driven data mining |
| Examines demographic and transactional data of groups and individuals at a web site and attempts to derive general rules of behavior for visitors | rule-based data mining |
| Site visitors classify themselves into affinity groups characterized by common interest products are then recommended based on what other people in the group have recently purchased | collaborative filtering |
| A repository of customer info that records all of the contacts that a customer has with a firm and generates a customer profile available to everyone in the firm with a need to know the customer | customer relationship management (CRM) system |
| The ways in which customers interact with the firm | customer touchpoints |
| Connect online marketers with publishers by displaying ads to consumers based on detailed profiles | advertising networks |
| Create a market where many ad networks sell ad space to marketers | advertising exchanges |
| Online auctions where advertisers bid for audience slots | real-time bidding process (RTB) |
| Marketing strategy in which companies obtain permission from consumers before sending them info or promo messages | permission marketing |
| One web site agrees to pay another web site a commission for new business opportunities it refers to the site | affiliate marketing |
| The process of getting customers to pass along a company’s marketing message to friends family and colleagues | viral marketing |
| A mapping of all significant online relationships | social graph |
| Using online social networks to build and strengthen brands | social network marketing |
| Using the power of an existing brand to acquire new customers for a new product or service | brand leveraging |
| Segmenting the market based on a precise and timely understanding of an individual’s needs targeting specific marketing messages to their needs, and positioning the product against competitors as unique. | One-to-one marketing |
| Changing the product not just the marketing message according to user preferences | customization |
| In the web environment takes customization one-step further by allowing the customer to interactively create the product | customer co-production |
| combines the best of Web content, transactions, and interactivity. | transactive content |
| a text based listing of common questions and answers | frequently asked questions (FAQs) |
| a company’s customer service representatives interactively exchange text based messages with one or more customers on a real time basis | real-time customer service chat systems |
| sends email order confirmations and acknowledgments of emailed inquiries | automated response system |
| putting a value on goods and services | pricing |
| the quantity of goods that can be sold at various prices | demand curve |
| selling products to different people and groups based on their willingness to pay | price discrimination |
| creating multiple versions of information goods and selling essentially the same product to different market segments at different prices | versioning |
| offers consumers two or more goods for a reduced price | bundling |
| refers to different methods by which goods can be distributed and sold | channel |
| occurs when a new venue for selling products or services threatens to destroy existing venues for selling goods | channel conflict |
Created by:
romoore245
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