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PSY 101
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Associative Learning: Classical Conditioning? | Reflexive behavior. Responding to a stimulant. See snakes, get freaked out because you got bit by one before. |
| What is Associative Learning: Operant Conditioning? | Subject's behavior is modified by consequences. Reward/Punish to modify behavior. Pigeon feeding box. |
| What is Non-Associative Learning: Habituation? | Decreases strength of response to stimuli after repeated exposure to stimuli. |
| What is Non-Associative Learning: Sensitization? | Increase strength of response to a specific repeated stimuli. |
| What is Associative Learning? | Stimuli and behavior are learned. |
| What is Non-Associative Learning? | Stimuli and behavior are not learned, but instead grow over time or based on amount of repeated exposure. |
| What are some obstacles of learning? | Fear of failure, tasks not adequately broken down, directions not clear, lack of reinforcements. |
| What are the four schedules of reinforcements? | Fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval. |
| What is the difference between Sensation and Perception? | Sensation is about gathering information from the surrounding. Perception is processing the information from Sensation. |
| What is top-down processing? | Conceptually driven processing. Take information already existing in mind to interpret the environment. |
| What is bottom-up processing? | Data-driven processing. Take stimuli from environment and determine meaning. |
| List some of the Sensory receptors. | Eyes, ears, nose, tongue, etc. |
| What is Transduction? | It is about translating physical energy/sensory stimuli into neural signals. |
| What is Sensation's Absolute Threshold referring to? | A system's minimal amount of energy required to activate it. |
| What is Sensation's Difference Threshold referring to? | Each system's minimal amount of energy required to detect change from one level of stimulus to another. |
| What is Vision's Transduction method? | Impulses from optic nerve carry visual information from retina to optic chasm; neural messages travel to thalamus and visual cortex. |
| What are Vision's Photoreceptor's Cones? | Requires light to be activated. Provides color vision. |
| What are Vision's Photoreceptor's Rods? | Low visual acuity. Provides night vision. High sensitivity. |
| What is the most common color blindness? | Red-Green color blindness. |
| How does Hearing do transduction? | Middle ear converts waves of air pressure into movements. Inner ear carries movements via waves of fluid (in ear drum) that generate neural signals. Signals sent to thalamus then to temporal lobe. |
| What is volume and pitch? | Volume refers to loudness and pitch refers to frequency of the sound wave. |
| How does Touch do transduction? | Sensory neurons in skin send impulses to spinal cord/brain. |
| How does Taste do transduction? | It occurs in taste buds. Soluable chemicals activate receptor neurons, which carry information to thalamus and cortex. |
| How does Smell do transduction? | Air molecules enter nasal cavity via nose. Receptors in olfactory epithelium pass info through olfactory bulb to cortex, which connects with thalamus and amygdala. |
| What is rooting reflex? | Baby will turn their head towards anything that strokes their cheek or mouth. |
| What is tonic neck reflex? | When the baby's head is to the side, the arm on that side straightens and the arm opposite is bent. |
| What is palmar grasp reflex? | When an object is in a baby's hand or strokes the baby's hand, the baby will grasp that hand. |
| What are some motor reflexes that are developed during an infant's later critical periods? | Smiling, turning head, rolling over, crawling, walking. |
| What is assimilation? | It occurs when new experiences are incorporated into existing schemas. |
| What is accomodation? | Changing existing schemas to accomodate new information. |
| What happens in the Sensorimotor Stage? | (0-2 years) No sense that objects are separate from themselves. Learning occurs through hands and mouth. Object permanence not yet developed. |
| What happens in the Preoperational stage? | (2-7 years) Conserving units is difficult. Perceptual impression chosen over logic. Language aquisition and symbolic thinking. |
| What happens in the Concrete Operational stage? | (7-11 years) First true classification abilities appear. Awareness of others' viewpoints. Thinking can be reversed and a sequence of changes can be held in the mind. |
| What happens in the Formal Operational stage? | (12+ years) Defining concepts using abstract concepts is possible. Can use analogies to understand concepts. Independent, abstract thinking. |
| What are critical periods? | Genetically pre-determined maturation phases of extremely high sensitivity to stimuli from the environment that shapes future development. |
| What is preconventional morality? | Person follows moral rules to avoid punishment or to obtain rewards. |
| What is conventional morality? | Define what is right by the standards of society. |
| What is postconventional morality? | Morals defined by one's culture may be viewed as a social contract and potentially fallible. Use of self-defined moral principles that may not match conventional moral beliefs. |
| Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development: Infancy. | (12-18 months) Basic trust versus basic mistrust. Important event: feeding. Child forms relationship with caregiver. |
| Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development: Early Childhood. | (18 months to 3 years) Autonomy versus shame/doubt. Important event: toilet training. Walking/Grasping. |
| Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development: Play Age | (3-6 years) Initiative versus guilt. Important event: Independence. |
| Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development: School Age | (6-12 years) Industry versus Inferiority. Important event: School. Child begins to be more assertive. |
| Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development: Adolescence | (Teenager) Identity versus role confusion. Important event: Peer relationships. Child must face demands to learn new skills or risk sense of inferiority, failure, and incompetence. |
| Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development: Young Adult | Intimacy versus isolation. Important event: love relationships. Teenager must achieve identity. |
| Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development: Adulthood | Generativity versus stagnation. Important event: parenting/mentoring. Must develop intimate relationships or suffer feelings of isolation. Must find a way to satisfy/support next generation. |
| Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development: Mature Love | Ego integrity versus despair. Important event: Reflection on and acceptance of one's life. Accepting oneself as one is and a sense of fulfillment. |
| What is Autism? | Extreme social withdrawal + impaired verbal/nonverbal communication skills. |
| What is Asperger's syndrome? | Delayed motor development milestones. May lack ability to reciprocate emotions in social settings. Intense preoccupation with narrow area of interest. |
| What are the 5 stages of grief? | Denial, rationalization, anger, sadness, acceptance. |
| What is selective attention? | Focusing/conscious awareness on a specific stimulus. "Cocktail party phenomenon" |
| What is selective inattention? | "Gorilla in the midst". We often unconsciously divert attention from information around us. |
| What is the Circadian Rhythm? | Cyclical biological process revolving around daily cycles of light and dark. Pineal gland produces melatonin that diminishes during the day. |
| What is melatonin? | Sleep-inducing hormones that are generated by the pineal gland. |
| What are some effects of Sleep Deprivation? | Reduces functioning of immune system and concentration. Increases production of cortisol which increase body fat. |
| What is cortisol? | Stress hormones that can increase body fat. |
| What are some common sleep disorders? | Insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, night terrors, sleepwalking, sleepeating, teeth grinding |
| What are some ways to treat insomnia? | Sleeping pills, modify sleep schedule, maintain exercise regime, relax before bed, avoid bright lights. |
| What are some effects of Narcolepsy? | Sudden loss of muscle tone, collapsing, falling into REM sleep. |
| What happens with sleep apnea? | Often occurs with no recollection/waking up. Soft tissue in the back of the throat relaxes, causing airway blockage. |
| What are some ways to treat sleep apnea? | Lose weight, quit smoking, avoid alcohol, sleeping pills, and sedatives. |
| What are night terrors? | Usually occurs during stage 4 sleep instead of REM sleep, which nightmares occur in. Typically affects children. |
| What are some examples of Depressants? | Alcohol, barbiturates/tranquilizers, morphine/heroin(opiates). |
| What do depressants do to the user? | Creates disinhibition, slows neural processing, interferes processing of short term to long term memory. |
| What are some examples of Stimulants? | Methamphetamine, caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, ecstasy. |
| What do Stimulants do to the user? | Temporarily excites neural activity. |
| What are some examples of Hallucinogens? | LSD, marijuana. |
| What do hallucinogens do to the user? | Distorts perceptions and evoke sensory images. |
| What two parts can the nervous system be broken down into? | (CNS) Central Nervous System and (PNS) Peripheral Neverous System. |
| What is the Central Nervous System? | It consists of the brain and spinal chord. Responds to stimuli. |
| What is the Peripheral Nervous System? | Carries information to and from the CNS. |
| What is the Somatic Nervous System? | Sub-branch of PNS. Transmits sensory information to the CNS and carries out its motor commands. |
| What is the Automatic Nervous System? | Sub-branch of PNS. Serves basic life functions such as beating of the heart and responses to stress. |
| What is the Sympathetic Nervous System? | Sub-branch of Automatic Nervous System. Readies the body in response to threat and/or stress; activates the organism to fight or flight. |
| What is the Parasympathetic Nervous System? | Sub-branch of Automatic Nervous System. Maintains routine bodily functions and tasks; calms the body down after threat or stress has passed. |
| What does the Spinal Cord do? | Part of the CNS. Receives sensory input, sends info to the brain, responds with motor input. |
| What are Neurons? | Nerve cells found throughout the nervous system. They specialize in electrical and chemical communications. |
| What are Neurotransmitters? | Chemical messengers that transmit electrons/information across synaptic gaps of neurons. Caught by receptors on next neuron/nerve cell. |
| What is Dopamine? | A Neurotransmitter. It influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion. |
| What is Acetylcholine(ACh)? | A Neurotransmitter. Enables musle action, learning, and memory. |
| What is Serotonin? | A Neurotransmitter. Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal. |
| What is Endorphin? | A Neurotransmitter. Lessens pain and boosts mood. |
| What is the Amygdala? | Part of the brain that is linked to emotion. |
| What is the Hippocampus? | Part of the brain that is linked to memory. |
| What is the Hypothalamus? | Part of the brain that controls maintenance functions such as eating; helps govern endocrine system; linked to emotion and reward. |
| What is the Reticular Formation? | Part of the brain that helps control arousal. |
| What is the Medulla? | Part of the brain that controls heartbeat and breathing. |
| What are Corpus Callosums? | Axon fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres of the brain. |
| What is the Thalamus? | Part of the brain that relays messages between lower brain centers and cerebral cortex. |
| What is the Pituitary gland? | Part of the brain that is the 'master' endocrine gland. |
| What is the Cerebral Cortex? | Part of the brain that is the ultimate control and information-processing center. |
| What is the Cerebellum? | Part of the brain that coordinates voluntary movement and balance and supports memories of such. |
| What is the Occipital Lobe? | Part of the brain that is specialized for vision. |
| What is the Parietal Lobe? | Part of the brain that is responsible for touch, spatial orientation, and awareness. |
| What is the Temporal Lobe? | Part of the brain that specializes in hearing, language functions, and visual pattern recognition. |
| What is the Frontal Lobe? | Part of the brain that is responsible for movement, attention, planning, and abstract thinking. |
| What is the Limbic System? | Area of the brain that involves emotion and motivation. It consists of Amygdala, Hypothalumus, and Hippocampus. |
| What is the Endocrine System? | Collection of glands throughout the body that secrete hormones directly into bloodstream. Guides metabolism, growth, and sexual development. |
| What is an Electroencephalography(EEG)? | Used to study and measure electrical activity in the brain. |
| What is an Electrodermal Activity (EDA)? | Uses electrodes to detect electrical changes in skin (hands) caused by activation of sweat glands. |
| What is an Electromyography (EMG)? | Detects activation of muscles and movement in face, brow, back, arms, and neck. |
| What is Delirium? | Disorientation, hallucinations, disturbed sleep, incoherent speech. Common in dying patients as organs shut down. |
| What is Alzheimer's Disease? | A progressive and incurable disease. Caused by tangled neurons that disrupt functioning of the cortex. Low levels of ACH neurotransmitters. Neurons in brain are also destroyed. |
| What is a theory? | Systematic way of organize/explaining observations. |
| What is a hypothesis? | Tentative belief/prediction about the relationship between two or more variables. |
| What is a variable? | Something that can change or vary from one situation or person to another (IQ, age, education, etc). |
| What is an operational definition? | Clear "label" of how a variable is measured. |
| What is an independent variable? | Potential influences on behavior under study. Age, gender, stress, etc. |
| What is a dependent variable? | "Outcome variable/factor". A behavior, action, attitude, etc., on tests/surveys. |
| What does Population refer to in Research? | A larger group from which to draw a sample. |
| What does Sample refer to in Research? | A subgroup representative of a population. |
| What does Participant refer to in Research? | The individuals participating in the study. |
| What does Generalizability refer to in Research? | The applicability of findings to the entire population of interest. |
| What are some general sources of error in Research? | Random events (misrecordings, lying). Coverage (failure to include relevant people). Nonresponse (refusal to respond or absent). |
| What are Decriptive (Case) studies? | Selection bias of 1 person. |
| What are Correlational studies? | They do not specify cause/effect relationships. They can help identify naturally occurring relationships. |
| What are some problems with experimentations and surveys? | Accuracy of data, low response rates, social desirability bias, generalizability outside of the lab. |
| What are the 2 types of information we want in Research? | Description / Prediction (What) and Explanation / Understanding / Control (Why). |
| What is positive correlation? | As X increases, Y increases, and vice versa. |
| What is negative correlation? | As X increases, Y decreases, and vice versa. |
| What are some principles for writing up a survey? | Choose simple words, do not use emotionally charged terms, avoid vague language/slang, limit number of personal/sensitive questions, keep instructions brief, etc. |
| Where does the word Psychology come from? | Greek word "psyche", meaning "talk about the self". |
| What is Psychology? | The science of behavior and mental processes research to obtain knowledge about the human mind. |
| What is Clinical Psychology? | May focuses on specific group to treat. Studies and assesses mental disorders. |
| What is Developmental Psychology? | Studies how we develop intellectually, emotionally, and how we change and grow over our lifespan |
| What is Industrial/Organizational Psychology? | Explores relationships between individuals and their work environment. |
| What is Social Psychology? | Studies individual and group behavior, attitudes, addiction, persuasion, motivation, etc. |
| What is Cognitive/Experimental Psychology? | Studies learning, memory, sensation and perception. |
| What is Scientific Psychology? | Empirical research studies. Builds psychology's knowledge base. |
| What is Applied Psychology? | Real world psychology. Clinical, shrinks, market research, etc. |
| What is Psychiatry? | Branch of medicine concerned with mental disorders. Psychiatrists can prescribe medicine. |
| What is Psychotherapy? | Form of treatment emphasizing communication. Shrinks. |
| What is Psychoanalysis? | Freudian theories/techniques emphasizing unconscious conflict. |
| What makes Psychology scientific? | Data + Theory = Knowledge. Empricism = Observation, objectivity, precision, experimentation, etc. |
| What did Wundt believe in? | Empiricism. Science flourishes via observation/experimentation. |
| What did Watson believe in? | Behaviorism. Ignore mental states and focus only on what is observable (behavior); the mind is a "black box". |
| What did Freud believe in? | Unconscious drives (sex and aggression) as the root of all behavior. |
| What did Rogers/Maslow believe in? | Free will; the 'great reservoir' of human potential. Focused on optimal development rather than negatives. |
| What is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs? | A pyramid listing things a person needs, with the items at the bottom the essentials. |
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