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AP Psych 4A
Sensations
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| sensation | process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system recieve and represent stimulus energies from our environment |
| perception | the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events |
| bottom-up processing | analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information |
| top-down processing | information processing guided by higher level mental processes |
| absolute threshold | the minimum stimulation required to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time |
| difference threshold | the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection |
| jnd | just noticeable differences |
| Weber's law | to be percieved as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage |
| signal-detection theory | predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation |
| subliminal | below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness |
| priming | activation, of unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response |
| sensory adaptation | diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation |
| transduction | conversion of one form of energy into another |
| wavelength | distance from peaks of waves |
| hue | dimension of color determined by wavelength |
| fast wavelength color | blue |
| slow wavelength color | red |
| intensity | amount of energy in a wave determined by amplitude |
| cornea | membrane that protects the eye |
| iris | ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye and controls the size of the pupil opening |
| pupil | adjustable opening in the center of the eye where light enters |
| lens | behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus the images on the retina |
| accomidation | process where the eye's lens changes shape to focus on near of far objects |
| retina | light-sensitive inner surface of the eye |
| fovea | central focal point in the retina, where the cones cluster |
| blind spot | where the optic nerve leaves the eye and has no receptor cells |
| optic nerve | nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain |
| rods | white, black, gray and activated by dim light |
| cones | bright light and color |
| feature detectors | nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the simulus |
| parallel processing | processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously |
| Young-helmholtz trichromatic theory | the retina contains three different color receptors (red, green, blue) that can produce the perception of any color |
| opponent process theory | opposing retinal processes (red and green, blue and yellow, black and white) that enable color vision |
| acuity | sharpness of vision |
| color constancy | the color of an object remains the same under different illuminations |
| audition | sense or act of hearing |
| pitch | tone's experienced highness or lowness |
| eardrum | tight membrane that vibrates when struck by sound waves |
| middle ear | hammer, anvil, and stirrup that concentrate the vibrations |
| outer eat | auditory canal and eardrum |
| oval window | entrance to the cochlea |
| inner ear | cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs |
| cochlea | coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses |
| basilar membrane | membrane on the cochlea with millions of hairs that vibrate fluid to create neural impulses |
| auditory nerve | sends the auditory message to the brain via the thalamus |
| place theory | links pitch with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated |
| frequency theory | the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone |
| conduction hearing loss | caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea (eardrum or three bones) |
| sensorineural hearing loss | causes by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerve |
| cochlea implant | device for converting sound into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea |
| types of touch (4) | pressure, warmth, cold, pain |
| kinesthesis | senses the position and movement of individual body parts |
| vestibular sense | sens of body movement and position and includes balance |
| noiceptors | activated by signals of damage |
| gate-control theory | spinal cord contains gates that block pain signals or allows them to pass to the brain |
| phantom limb sensation | feeling limb after amputated |
| rubber hand illusion | think you feel the rubber hand |
| types of taste (5) | sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umammi |
| word for taste | gustation |
| sensory interaction | one sense may influence another |
| word for smell | olfaction |
Created by:
jducttape
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