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Psyc 209- Test #2 UL
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| perception | mental process of organizing sensations into meaningful processes -brings meaning to sensation -produces an interpretation of the external world, not a perfect representation of it |
| bottom up processing | the process in order to figure out what we're looking at we look at individual pieces, starting from the bottom |
| top down processing | we think about expectations memories and we come to a conclusion about what is happening, we start from the top |
| perceptual expectancy (set) | past experiences, motives, contexts, or suggestions that prepare us to perceive in a certain way |
| perceptual constancy | ability to recognize the same object under different conditions, such as changes in illumination, distance, or location |
| color constancy | what we perceive the color to be will always be that color no matter what |
| size constancy | the shape of the object does not change as conditions change |
| shape constancy | you have an understanding that shapes look the same even if it changes a little bit |
| Theoretical Explanations Gesalt Psychology | "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts" view that much perception is shaped by innate factors built into the brain |
| figure | part of a pattern that commands attention |
| ground | part of a pattern that does not command attention; the background |
| similarity proximity continuity closure contiguity | the gesalt laws of perceptual grouping |
| similarity | the concept that "birds of a feather flock together" we tend to group together objects that are similar and exclude that objects that arent |
| proximity | how far or near objects are |
| continuity | our perception tends to make things very simple; we like things to be as simple as possible |
| closure | we like to fill in gaps, complete figures; our brain likes to make figures complete by filling in missing parts |
| contiguity | our natural ability/lean towards cause and effect assumptions, we like to assume that if one thing happens then another thing happens that those are related |
| The Gesalt Approach Subjective contours | boundaries that are perceived but do not appear in the stimulus pattern |
| The Gesalt Approach Closure | tendency to fill in gaps in figures and see incomplete figures as complete |
| Theoretical Explanations for Perception learning based inference | view that perception is primarily shaped by prior learning and experience |
| Theoretical Explanations for Perception Perceptual hypothesis | an initial guess regarding how to organize (perceive) a stimulus pattern |
| depth perception | ability to see 3-D space and to accurately judge distances |
| visual cliffs | apparatus that looks like the edge of an elevated platform or cliff on one side and a tabletop on the other |
| Depth Cues | perceptual features that supply information about distance and 3-D space |
| monocular depth cue | depth cue that can be sensed with one eye |
| binocular depth cue | depth cue that can be sensed with two eyes |
| Monocular cues Accomodation | bending of the lens of the eye to focus on nearby objects |
| Monocular Cues Pictorial Depth Cue | features found in paintings, drawings, and photographs that supply information about space, depth, and distance |
| Pictorial Depth Cues Linear Perspective | based on apparent convergence of parallel lines in the environment |
| Pictorial Dept Cues Relative Size | the more distant object is depicted as smaller |
| Pictorial Depth Cues Light and Shadow | using patterns of light and shadow to give a 2-D object a 3-D appearance |
| Pictorial Depth Cues Overlap (interposition) | when one object partially blocks another |
| Pictorial Depth Cues Texture gradients | texture changes can contribute to depth perception coarse texture- closeness fine texture- distance |
| Pictorial Depth Cues Aerial Perspective | distant objects are more hazy, washed out in color, and lacking in detail |
| Pictorial Depth Cues Relative Motion (Motion Parallax) | nearby objects move a lot as your head moves; distant objects move only slightly |
| Binocular Cues Convergence | when you look at something 50 ft or closer, your eyes must turn in (converge) to focus the object |
| Binocular Cues Stereoscopic Vision- 3-D sight -retinal disparity | discrepancy in the images that reach the right and left eyes |
| Perceptual Ambiguity and Distortion Illusions | demonstrably incorrect experience of a stimulus pattern, shared by others in the same perceptual environment |
| Extrasensory Perception (ESP) | purported ability to perceive events in ways in ways that cannot be explained by known capacities or sensory organs |
| Parapsychology | study of ESP and other psi phenomena (events that seem to defy accepted scientific laws) |
| Parapsychology "abilites" clairvoyance | purported ability to perceive events at a distance or through physical barriers |
| Parapsychology "abilities" telepathy | purported ability to read minds |
| Parapsychology "abilities" precognition | purported ability to accurately predict the future |
| Parapsychology "abilities" psychokinesis (mind over matter) | purported ability to influence inanimate objects by will power |
| zener cards | deck of 25 cards, each having one of 5 symbols |
| run of luck | statistically unusual outcome that could occur by chance alone e.g. getting five heads in a row, two jackpots within six pulls of a slot machine, etc. |
| Freud | says levels of consciousness is like an iceberg -our mind operates on lots of different levels |
| William James | said it was more of a stream than an iceberg, more of an active process |
| 1st purpose of consciousness | 1. Restrict our attention- have the ability to figure out what we're supposed to be paying attention to or what we need to let go |
| Second Purpose of consciousness | 2. meeting place where knowledge, memory, expectations, motivations, basically all processes can come and have an impact |
| 3rd Purpose of Consciousness | 3. Helps us create mental model of the world, once we have mental model we have ability to manipulate it- ability to make plans, like picturing route you would take |
| Levels of Consciousness Conscious | process by which our brain creates a mental model of our experience -brain process of which we are aware |
| Levels of Consciousness Unconscious | many levels of processing that occur without any awareness |
| levels of consciousness | everything that comes to consciousness has to pass through working memory, memory is really important |
| Levels of consciousness Two types of learning: | cognitive (consciousness) behavioral (classical conditioning) (unconsciousness) |
| walking consciousness- clear awareness | |
| unconscious is everything that we are not aware of | |
| consciousness is the combination of reality (sensation) and perception (fantasy) | |
| ways to study unconscious | priming |
| priming | a tactic to set people up to answer in particular ways, allowing them to activate parts of their conscious they would not have originally activated |
| levels of consciousness preconscious | information that is not currently in consciousness, but can be brought into consciousness if attention is called to it |
| "Altered" conscious states | daydreaming sleep hypnosis meditation psychoactive drug states |
| Altered conscious states | changes in patterns or quality of mental activity |
| Altered conscious states | sensory overload- any kind of sense when your senses are overloaded monotonous stimulation unusual experiences: dehydration, fever, often cause changes in consciousness |
| daydreaming | mild form of consciousness alteration in which attention shifts to memories, expectations, desires or fantasies and away from the immediate situation; just drifting off and going to happy place |
| Altered conscious state Sleep | sleep is vital in terms of memory |
| REM | rapid eye movement- where dreaming takes place -fast irregular sleep patterns -the more stressed you are during the day, the more time you'll end up spending in REM sleep -function or purpose is this is when brain seems to sharpen its focus |
| Non-REM | point of brain to chill out and calm down |
| Stages of sleep Awake- Beta Waves- irregular and fast Drowsy- Alpha Waves- slower and larger | |
| Theta waves- beginning of slow wave sleep | |
| Sleep Deprivation | 11 days- Randy Gardner (Tony Wright actually went 2 hours longer than Randy) Consequences -concentration -motivation -perception -physiological arousal -death -fatal insomnia |
| hypersomnia | excessive daytime sleepiness |
| sleep deprivation sycosis | dreaming while you are awake |
| sensation | a sensory impression, the process of detecting physical energies with sensory organs |
| perception | mental processes of organizing sensations into meaningful processes |
| Transduction | conversion of physical energy into the form of neural messages |
| Sensory Receptors | specialized neurons that are activated by stimulation and then transduce the incoming stimulus into electrochemical signals. |
| Transduction Sensory Pathway | bundle of neurons that carry information from the sense organs to the brain |
| psychophysics | study of relationship between physical stimuli and sensations that evoke in a human observer; study of the different types of light waves and what they do to us and our reactions |
| absolute threshold | the amount of stimulation necessary for a stimulus to be detected. pitch: hear 20-20,000 hertz |
| Difference thershold | smallest amount by which a stimulus can be changed and the difference be detected -AKA "just noticeable difference" or JND |
| Webers Law | the size of the JND is proportional to the intensity of the stimulus |
| The JND is always large when the stimulus intensity is high, and small when the stimulus intensity is low | |
| Hue | basic color- ROY G BIV |
| Saturation | the purity of the color, how pure the color is |
| Brightness | determined by the height or amplitude of the waves, the higher the height or amplitude of the waves, the brighter the color |
| Fovea | spot on back of eye with best vision, area of sharpest vision in the retina |
| Retina | light sensitive layer at the back of the eyeball |
| Photoreceptor | light sensitive cells in the retina that convert light energy to neural impulses |
| Rods | sensitive to dim light but not color |
| Cones | sensitive to colors but not dim light |
| Optic Nerve | bundle of neurons that carries visual information from the retina to the brain |
| Blind spot | point where the optic nerve exits the eye and where there are no photoreceptors |
| visual cortex | part of the brain- the occipital cortex- where visual sensations are processed |
| How the visual system creates color and brightness | wavelength--> color intensity(amplitude) --> brightness |
| trichromatic theory | cone for main 3 colors, explains initial stages of color vision |
| opponent process theory | white/black; based on bipolar cells; colors in complementary pairs;explains afterimages (sensations that linger after the stimulus is removed) |
| simultaneous color construct | the thing that makes when you put two colors next to each other changes the way the two colors look |
| color blindess | inability to perceive colors; lack of malfunction of cones |
| color weakness | inability to distinguish colors, red/green is most common |
| hyperopia (farsightedness) | difficulty focusing on nearby objects |
| myopia (nearsightedness) | difficulty focusing on distant objects |
| Astigmatism | corneal or lens defect that causes some area of vision to be out of focus; relatively common |
| Presbyopia | farsightedness caused by aging |
| dark adaptation | increased retinal sensitivity to light after entering the dark; similar to going from daylight into a dark movie theatre |
| rhodopsin | light sensitive pigment in the rods |
| night blindess | blindess under low-light conditions |
| frequency | the number of cycles completed by a wave in a given amount of time |
| amplitude | the physical strength of the wave; corresponds with the volume |
| pitch | sensory characteristic of sound produced by the frequency of the sound wave |
| loudness | sensory characteristic of sound produced by the amplitude (intensity) of the sound wave |
| timbre | quality of a sound wave that derives from the waves complexity |
| pinna | funnel in sound into the canal |
| sound waves hit against the tempantic membrane- ear drum. As the tempanic membrane starts to move, it bumps up against the tiny bones called the ossicles | |
| 3 different ossicles | malleus, incus,stapes |
| Malleus hits against the incus which causes the stapes to move. The stapes is hitting up against the edge of the cochlea. | |
| cochlea is filled with fluid. The center is called organ of corgi. Coming off that are hair cells. Hair cells are topped with brissel like fibers called Stereocillia. The whole process is determined by the stereocillia and their movement | |
| From the top of hair cells to the other, they have spider web type thing holding it together called tip link so that the hair cells are able to move together in unison. | |
| tinnitus | ringing in the ears |
| auditory cortex | portion of temporal lobe that processes sounds |
| frequency theory | as pitch rises, nerve impulses of a corresponding frequency are fed into the auditory nerve |
| place theory | higher and lower tones excite specific areas of the cochlea |
| Conduction | - poor transfer of sounds from tympanic membrane to the inner ear -compensate with amplifier ( hearing aid) -q-tips in ear, or any damage to ear drum can cause conduction hearing loss |
| Sensorialneural | damage to either hair cells or auditory nerve -caused by damage to hair cells -cochlear implant |
| cochlear implant | electronic device that stimulates auditory nerves directly |
| Type of sensineural hearing loss -noise induced hearing loss | -damage caused by exposing hair cells to excessively loud sounds -loud music, firing of guns, etc. -by age 65 more than 40% of hair cells are gone -noisy work environememt can cause it |
| olfaction | sense of smell |
| olfactory bulbs | brain sites of olfactory processing |
| pheromones | chemical signals released by organisms to communicate with other members of the species |
| dysosmia | smell blindness, people have weaknesses for specific smells, not all smells. 1000 different types of smells, combinations of those can make up to 10,000 different smells. |
| gustation | - the sense of taste==bitter, sweet, sour, salty. Trick, umami is another type of taste, flavor enhancer, able to taste things even more. |
| papilla | the bumps on the tongue |
| taste buds | tiny receptors that line the papilla |
| texture | is envolved with flavor, temperature of food changes flavor, spicyness/pain envolved with food is involved with taste, and smell is involved with taste |
| sweet and bitter tastes | taste that works like lock and key; little holes that have to be filled, specific chemicals that fit in each receptors |
| salty and sour | taste that is a direct flow, work like water; the direct flow over the flat spot causes a reaction |
| Narcolepsy | Sudden REM sleep attacks, with or without cataplexy |
| Night terrors | sleep terror; causes feelings of terror or dread; typically occurs in the first few hours of sleep during stage 3 or 4 sleep. |
| dream | altered state of consciousness occurring during sleep and accompanied by vivid imagery. During this visual and emotional centers of the brain are activated. |
| subjects of dreams | day to day events; unfulfilled desires, unpleasant experiences, familiar people, places or things. |
| Freud | said dreams express unconscious desires, wishes, or needs. Usually sexual or aggressive in nature. |
| manifest content | actual facts that were in dreams |
| latent content | stuff below the surface of the dream, the theme of the dream |
| cognitive psychology | related to active thought process; no latent meaning |
| two views in cognitive psychology | activation synthesis theory, neurocognitive view |
| activation synthesis theory | while you are asleep, your body is paralyzed but your brain thinks you're doing stuff, so its confusing; part of your brain is lighting up but body is paralyzed. |
| neurocognitive view | brain is just as active when you are asleep as when you are awake; dreams are just views of brain sorting and storing memories and such. |
| modern view | activation synthesis |
| modern view-activation synthesis | brain is getting sensations from body while asleep; scans through memories to try and make sense of sensations |
| hypnosis | induced state of altered awareness, characterized by heightened suggestibility and deep relaxation |
| hypnotizability | degree to which individual is responsive to hypnotic suggestions |
| Franz Mesmer | mesmerizing-1700s |
| James Braid | hypnosis- hypnosis means sleep- though it was similar to sleep |
| meditation | form of consciousness change induced by focusing on a repetitive behavior, assuming certain body positions, and minimizing external stimulation |
| meditation | changed are happening in the frontal lobe; heart rate lowers, blood pressure lowers, muscle tension drops, stress drops, immune system gets boost |
| two types of meditation | concentrative meditation, mindfulness meditation |
| mindfulness meditation | focus doesn't narrow in but it softens |
| concentrative meditation | narrow focus in on breathe, particular thought etc. (cliche man with legs cross meditation just focusing on breathing |
| psychoactive drugs | chemicals that affect mental processes and behavior by their effects on the nervous system |
| 4 types of psychoactive drugs | hallucinogens, opiates, depressants, stimulants |
| Hallucinogens | alter perceptions of the external environment and inner awareness. Mescaline, LSD, PCP, Cannabis (Weed) |
| Opiates | highly addictive, produces a sense of well-being and have strong pain-relieving properties. Morphine, Codeine, Heroin, Methadone |
| depressants | slow down mental and physical activity and inhibiting transmission of nerve impulses in the central nervous system. Barbiturates, Valium, Alchol |
| Stimulants | speed up neural activity, arouse central nervous system, speeding up mental and physical responses. Cocaine, Amphetamines, Methaphetamine, Ecstacy, Caffeine, Nicotine |
| vestibular sense | sese of body orientation with respect to gravity, sense of where you are, sense to be able to tell when you are falling down |
| semicircular canal | involved with balance, what happens is that they are filled with fluid and reaching into the canal we have more hair cells, as you move around the fluid in those canals move which causes hair cells to move which causes receptors/neural impulse to fire |
| otolith canal | fluid filled sacks that is sensitive to movement, what makes you sensitive to car sickness. What happens is there are hair cells, the fluid inside is more thicker. They have crystals that when you move, the fluid starts moving, which then bumps into cells |
| Kinesthetic Sense | sense of body position and movement of body parts relative to each other. This is what causes us to be able to tell when we move Receptors in joints, musccles and tendons. |
| motion sickness | directly related to the vestibular system |
| sensory conflict theory | motion sickness results from a mismatch of information from vision, vestibular system, and kinesthesis. Ex: after spinning and stopping, fluid in semicircular canals is still spinning, but head is not |
| the skin senses | protects against surface injury, holds in bodily fluid, and helps regulate body temperature |
| pain | arises from intense stimulations, affected by mood and expectation |
| gate control theory | explains pain control, level of pain is determined by information from two pathways. |
| gate control theory | at the spine- you have little spots on your spine that pickup info from all your nerves and sends out info to your brain, gates open and as info goes into the gate, the gate closes. Pain travels into gate, closes, paint theory travels to brain, says ouch. |
| visceral pain | originating in internal organs but you feel it outside of your organ |
| referred pain | pain felt in one part of body, but coming from another. Ex heart attack is when your arm hurts because it travels out to your arm |
| somatic pain | sharp, bright, fast. comes from skin, joints, muscles, tendons etc. |
| types of pain | warning system, reminding system |
| warning system | pain carried by large nerve fibers,sharp bright fast pain that tells you tissue damage may be occurring ( ex. Knife cut) |
| reminding system | small nerve fibers, slower, nagging, aching, widespread. Gets worse if stimulus is repeated. Reminds brain that body has been injured |
| sensory adaptation | when sensory receptors respond to less unchanging stimuli |
| selective attention | voluntary focusing on a specific sensory input |
| sensory gating | facilitating or blocking sensory messages in the spinal cord |
Created by:
AMarcello
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