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Psychology
Mid term 1 -- chapter one to four
| Question | Answer | |
|---|---|---|
| How does the brain act differently when light as opposed to sound activates the sense receptors? | It acts the same way. | |
| What is the McGurk effect? | We integrate visual and auditory information when processing spoken language | Our brains automatically calculate the most probable sound given the information from the two sources. |
| Visual stimuli enhances touch perception in the somatosensory cortex. T/F | True. | |
| Bottom up processing begins with activity in the ___, followed by ______. | Primary visual cortex, association cortex. | |
| Top down processing starts with _____ which we then impose on the raw stimuli we perceive. | Our beliefs and expectations | |
| Top down processing starts with processing in the ____ followed by processing in the ____ | association cortex, primary visual cortex | |
| Top-down and bottom-up processing works together hand in hand? | True | IN MOST CASES |
| Perceptual sets are an example of which type of processing? Why? | Top-down, because it is also based on expectations influencing our perceptions. | |
| Examples of perceptual constancy: | Shape, size, and colour constancy | Perceptual constancy allows us to correct minor changes in an object (door is open, closed, slightly open) and still understand that it is the same object |
| Major brain regions that control selective attention: | Reticular activating system (RAS) and the forebrain | |
| What is subliminal information processing? | We process many of the sensory inputs we are exposed to unconsciously. Many of our actions occur with little or no forethought or deliberation | |
| What is subliminal perception? | Processing of sensory info that occurs below the level of conscious awareness - subliminal messages | |
| Humans are sensitive to wavelengths ranging from? | 400 nanometers to 700 nanometers | |
| Different parts of our eyes let in varying amounts of light | True | |
| Where are the structures that influence how much light enters our eyes? | Toward the front | |
| When light enters the eye, what happens first? | The incoming light rays are focused to form an image at the back of the eye | |
| What does the iris do? | Controls how much light enters our eyes | |
| A curved, transparent layer covering the iris and pupil. | Cornea | |
| The ____'s shape bends incoming light to focus the incoming visual image at the back of the eye. | Cornea | |
| Allows us to fine-tune visual images, also bending light | Lens | Unlike the cornea, the lens changes its curvature |
| Fovea is responsible for? | Acuity | (the sharpness of vision) |
| Where are the rods and cones located ? | In the retina | |
| What type of cells are rods and cones? | receptor cells | |
| What is the shape of rods? | long and narrow | p. 144 |
| There are rods in the fovea | False | explains why we should tilt our heads to the side when looking at stars |
| Which is more plentiful, rods or cones? | Rods | |
| Cones require more light than rods | True | Why we need to read with a light on |
| Cones are sensitive to detail | True | we use them for reading |
| The optic nerve contains the axons of the ganglion cells | True | p.144 |
| After the optic nerve leaves both eyes, where do they go? | They come to a fork in the road called the optic chiasm | |
| When optic nerves enter the brain what do they turn into? | Optic tracts | |
| Optic tracts send most of their axons to the ___ | visual part of the thalamus, and then to the primary visual cortex | Remaining axons go to structures in the midbrain |
| Why do we have a blind spot where we do? | This is where the optic nerve connects to the retina, the axons of the ganglion cells push everything else aside. | |
| What is feature detection? | our ability to use minimal patterns to identify objects | |
| What are Gestalt principles? | rules governing how we perceive objects as wholes within their overall context | Used to help us organize the world |
| What are the main principles of the Gestalt principles? | ||
| The V5 (located along the pathway that leads to the parietal lobe) is the region in the brain that possesses neurons solely devoted to what? | Processing motion | Neurons here respond to both direction and speed of motion |
| Which pictorial cues help us to perceive depth? | Relative size, texture gradients, interposition, linear perspective, Height in plane, light and shadow | p. 150 |
| Binocular depth cues used to perceive depths? | Binocular disparity, Binocular convergence | p. 150 |
| Our eyes perceive the world slightly differently. This is used to judge depth perception | ||
| Motion blindness? | Patients can't seamlessly string together still images processed by their brains into the perception of ongoing motion | Motion blindness is much like creating a movie in our minds |
| Visual Agnosia? | A person can tell you the shape and colour of an object, but can't recognize or name it | p.153 |
| What sensory modality do we rely on most to acquire information | Vision | |
| How are sound waves produced? | The disturbance created by vibration of molecules of air | |
| function and parts of outer ear | the pinna (part we see) and ear canal,whivch funnel sound waves into eardrum | |
| function and parts of inner ear | Contains the cochlea, which converts vibration into neural activity. The cochlea is bony on the outside, but its inner cavity is filled with a think fluid.Vibration disturbs this fluid and travels to the base of the cochlea where pressure is released. | Transduction then occurs |
| function and parts of middle ear | contains the ossicles (three tiniest bones in the body, named the malleus, incus, stapes). The ossicles vibrate at the frequency of a sound wave and transmit it from the eardrum to the inner ear | p. 155 |
| What causes conductive deafness? | Due to malfunctioning of the ear, especiallya failure of the eardrum or the ossicles of the inner ear | |
| What causes nerve deafness? | Damage to the auditory nerve | |
| Sound waves are converted into neural impulses by creating vibrations of fluid inside the cochlea | True | |
| What is olfaction? | Sense of smell | |
| What are the five basic tastes we are sensitive to? | Sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami | umami is meaty or savoury taste |
| Olfactory receptors "recognize" an odorant on the basis of what? | Its shape | |
| The bumps on your tongue (taste buds) are called what? | papillae | |
| After odours interact with sense receptors in the nasal passages, what happens? | the resulting info enters the brain, reaching the olfactory cortex and parts of the limbic system | |
| What happens after taste info interacts with taste buds? | It enters he brain, reaching a taste-related area called gustatory cortex, somatosensory cortex, and parts of the limbic system | |
| Is there a region of the frontal cortex that is a site of convergence for smell and taste | yes. | |
| What's a part of the limbic system that helps us distinguish smells | amygdala | |
| What is the somatosensory system? | Touch and pain | |
| Referred pain is ? | Pain in a different location than it is actually in | Such as an ache felt in the arm during a heart attack |
| We sense light touch and deep pressure with ____ | mechanoreceptors | |
| What are mechanoreceptors? | Specialized nerve endings located on the ends of sensory nerves in the skin | |
| Free nerve endings sense: | touch, temperature, and especially pain | |
| Nerve endings are dispersed evenly across our body surface | False, they are dispersed unevenly. | p. 162 |
| Info about temperature, body touch,, and painful stimuli travels in our __ before entering the spinal cord. | somatic nerves | |
| Which travels faster: Touch information or pain stimuli information? | Touch info | |
| Touch and pain have different functions | True | |
| After activating spinal reflexes, where does touch and pain info travel? | Upward through parts of the brain stem and thalamus to reach the somatosensory cortex | |
| The sensation we experience ia determined by the stimulus or or the nature of the sense receptor? | Nature of the sense receptor |
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