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LM Neuropsyc
Language Lecture Eight
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Language is the ability to encode ideas into _________ | signals |
| Which hemisphere is language primarily processed in? | Left |
| What happens with the Wada test? | One hemisphere is anaesthetized (by injecting sodium amytal into either the left ot right carotid artery). |
| What is demonstrated by the Wada test? | If the left hemisphere is anaesthetized, language is disrupted in most people but if the right hemisphere is anaesthetized language is intact in most people. This shows that language is primarily processed in left hemisphere |
| What arteries does the carotid artery branch off into? | The anterior cerebral artery and the middle cerebral artery. |
| The left carotid artery branches of into the? | left ACA and MCA |
| The right carotid artery branches of into the | right ACA and MCA |
| There is input and output language processing. Functional regions are responsible for processing each type. What are the two input ones? | Listening (auditory signal) and reading (visual signal) |
| What are the two output ones? | Speaking and writing |
| Where is the Broca's area? | In the frontal lobe just anterior to the primary motor cortex that controls movements of facial expression and speech |
| Where is the Wernicke's area? | In the superior temporal lobe, posterior to primary auditory cortex |
| Whe Broca's patients brain was rescanned years later using MRI what did they find? | That there was also damage medially which could have been causing symptoms |
| In many cases the Brocas's aphasia has damage to what? | The Insula as it is nearby as its the cortex you find when you rip open the central sulcus |
| Language processing is generally within what artery? | The LEFT middle cerebral artery |
| Wernicke's area is specialized for what? | language comprehension |
| Broca's area is specialized for? | language production (output) |
| In the video we saw that when the TMS is put over certain area it stops the person from speaking. What part of the brain would this have been to do this? | Broca's area because it is for production/output in the left middle cerebral artery. |
| When reading aloud, information must travel from the PVC to what three other places? | The Wernicke's area --> Broca's area --> Primary motor cortex |
| When repeating a spoken word information must travel from Primary Auditory Cortex to? | The Wernicke's area --> Broca's area --> Primary motor cortex |
| The wernicke's and broca's areas are joined by what? | A bi-directional pathway called the arcuate fasciculus (band of axons connecting the two areas) |
| What is this the definition of? Language disorders that are caused by brain damage, usually resulting from stroke | Aphasia |
| What are the 6 types of aphasia? | Wernicke's aphasia, Broca's aphasia, Conduction aphasia, Transcortical sensory aphasia, Transcortical motor aphasia, Global aphasia |
| What are the five symptoms of Wernicke;s aphasia? | Fluid speech, Impaired comprehension, Impaired repetition, Impaired naming, no motor impairment |
| Where would the lesion have to be to cause Wernick'es aphasia? (basically in location of Wernicke's) | Superior temporal gyrus, just posterior to primary auditory cortex |
| Wernickes is a fluid aphasia because the speech is _______ | fluid |
| Why is there no motor impairment with wernicke's aphasia but is with broca's? | Because the Wernick'es area of lesion is not near the motor strip but Brocas is |
| Do people with Wernicke's aphasia have insight into their own deficits? | No, they are not aware that they are not understanding the conversation |
| Which aphasia is it where patient cant name a glass but can say its used for a drink? | Wernicke's because in this aphasia have deficit in naming objects. |
| What are the 5 symptoms of Broca's aphasia? | Non-fluent speech (because output end), good comprehension,impaired repetition, impaired naming, may have right hemiplegia (arm> leg) |
| How do we explain the fact that people with Broca's aphasia also sometimes get right hemiplegia (arms worser than legs) | Because Broca's area is closer to the area of the motor strip that controls the arms than the leg. |
| Many people with Broca's aphasia also have damage to another area nearby which is medially located. What is it? | Insula |
| When naming a glass what is the difference between Wernicke's aphasia patient and broca's aphasia patient's performance? | Wernicke's patient cant name glass at all but can describe what it is used for while Broca's patient can name glass and what you do with it but only after a while so have impairment in accessing words |
| What is conduct aphasia? | A disconnection syndrome for which damage to the arcuate fasciculus disconnects the Wernicke's and Broca's areas so that information from Wernicke's cannot be transmitted forward to Broca's area to be produced. |
| What are the symptoms of Conduction aphasia? | Fluent speech and good comprehension, impaired repitition and impaired naming |
| Where is the lesion causing Conduction Aphasia? | left arcuate fasciculus which connects the Wernicke's and Broca's areas. |
| What does this describe? The dysfunction arises from an inability to relay information from one intact brain area to another intact brain area | Disconnection syndrome e.g. conduction aphasia |
| Damage to what areas cause impairment in repeating words? | Wernicke's (language input), Broca's (language output) and the arcuate fasciculus |
| What is Transcortical Sensory Aphasia similar to? | Wernicke's aphasia but the patient CAN repeat words |
| Where does the lesion have to be to cause Transcortical Sensory Aphasia? | Posterior to Wernicke's area |
| What type of aphasia is this? Man had stroke and when he talks you get the jist of what he is trying to say but in comparison to normal speaking it is not normal language output and the meaningful content is lacking | Wernicke's aphasia |
| What type of aphasia is this? Feel like word is on the tip of their tongue but cant access it | Broca's because output is bad, speaking is less fluid |
| What is the transcortical motor aphasia similar to? | Broca's aphasia but the patient CAN repeat words |
| What type of aphasia is this? Patient has difficulty finding words he wants and producing sentence that reflect what he wants to say. He has fluid output but dont know what the words mean/cant produce meaningful sentenes | Wernicke's |
| What type of aphasia is this? Patient looks at photo showing boy who broke window hiding and has difficulty describing it out loud in words. | Wernicke's aphasia |
| Where does the lesion have to be to cause Transcortical Motor Aphasia? | Anterior or superior to broca's area |
| What are the symptoms of Global aphasia? | Non-fluent speech, impaired comprehension, impaired repitition, impaired naming, right hemiplegia |
| What type of aphasia is this? His output is fine in terms of being fluid but his answers are odd to the questions being asked | Wernicke's aphasia |
| To get Global aphasia where would the damage have to be? | Massive left lesion affecting most regions implicated in causing aphasia - including both Broca's and Wernicke's. Would have to be massive lesion in left middle cerebral artery. |
| Is it common to recover from aphasia? | No. Remaining brain areas try to to take on task but not good at it because they have not been doing it for years like the damaged areas have so not good neuroplasticity |
| Alexia is the loss of the ability to _____ as a result of brain damage as opposed to dyslexia which is from ______ | read, birth |
| Agraphia is the loss of the ability to _______as a result of brain damage | write |
| Patients with aphasia tend to have reading and writing impairments that parallel their spoken language impairments.e.g. if have impairment with comprehension will have alexia or agraphia? and if have problem with output then will have alexia or agraphia? | Alexia, Agraphia |
| Describe a patient with Alexia without agraphia: | The patient is able to see and understand language but not read so can write but cant read and have no other language impairment. |
| What type of syndrome is alexia without agraphia? | Another disconnection syndrome |
| So patients with alexia without agraphia basically have completely normal language function aside from difficulty reading | .... |
| What lesion causes alexia without agraphia? | Due to a disconnection of intact visual cortex from intact language areas. So is a lesion in the left occipital cortex and the splenium of the corpus callosum |
| Study slides on alexia without agraphia particularly the one explaining the symptoms in orange | ... |
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alicemcc33
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