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LM Neuropsyc
Motor Control Lecture Five
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Reflex circuits permit fast responses to potential threats and do not require __________ _____________ | cortical processing |
| What is older? Reflex or volitional movements? | Reflexes |
| The knee-jerk reflex is a __-neuron loop, one ________ neuron and one __________ neuron | two, afferent, efferent |
| In the knee jerk reflex 2-neuron loop, what is the afferent neuron connected to and what does it detect? | The muscle spindle and detects stretch in the muscle |
| In the knee-jerk reflex 2-neuron loop, whatis the efferent neuron and what does it cause? | Is a motor neuron that causes the reflexive movement |
| Draw digram for the Spinal Reflexes slide | .... |
| Motor control is regulated by a distributed network of ___________ and _____________ structures | cortical, subcortical |
| Multiple motor tracts/routes transmit signals from the brain to the muscles through what structure? | the spinal cord |
| There are a number of different motor tracts/pathways. What is the main one called? | Corticospinal tract |
| Where do most of the corticospinal tract fibres originate? | In the primary motor cortex |
| The corticospinal tract is mainly associated with movement of what? | Limbs and the trunk |
| Draw diagram for the pathway of the corticospinal tract and memorise | ... |
| Which direction does the motor cortex run? | Up to down (superior to inferior) |
| The motor cortex's functional organisation is similar to an upside down man. The toes are wrapped into the ______________ fissure. The hand have more motor neurons etc | Longitudinal |
| The primary motor cortex is where the cell bodes of the nuerons whose axons form the corticospinal tract originate. This motor cortex is within the _________ gyrus M1 | precentral gyrus |
| Axons leaving the precentral gyrus (PMC) join a large body of axons that form what? As the axons travel deeper into the hemispheres what two structures do they pass between? | The Corona Radiata, pass between the caudate and the putamen |
| When the axons from the PMC (M1, precentral gyrus) travel deeper into the hemispheres between the caudate nucleus and the putamen what are the axons called at this point? | the axons are called the internal capsule |
| After the axons from PMC have travelled and formed as the corona radiata and then the internal capsule (between caudate and putamen) then where do they travel? | exit the cerebral hemispheres and enter the brain stem at the level of the midbrain. At this point the axons are called the crus cerebri |
| When the axons from the PMC exit the cerebral hemisphere and enter the brain stem at the level of the midbrain what are they now called? | The crus cerebri |
| After the axons (now called crus cerebri) have travelled though the level of the midbrain where do they travel next? | through the pons and the medulla |
| When the axons pass through the medulla what are they now called? and describe the form they look like? | Pyramids and look like two ridges running down the ventral aspect of the medulla |
| After the axons from the PMC have travelled through the pons and medulla and are now have formed the pyramids what do they do? | They cross the midline |
| When the axons from PMC cross the midline at the bottom of the brain stem in the medulla, what does this mean? | The motor cortex in each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body |
| After the crossing of axons from PMC at the medulla in the brain stem where do the axons go? | Into the spinal cord |
| Once in the spinal cord , the corticospinal axons synapse on neurons in the _________ _________ | ventral horn |
| If a lady is stimulated with TMS in the hand area of her motor cortex in the left hemisphere and her right hand moves, what does this mean? | Means that her corticalspinal tract is intact, not damaged |
| Damage from a stroke affecting the neurons in the precentral gyrus can cause contralesional weakness or paralysis. What is the proper two names for this? | Hemiparesis or hemiplegia |
| After neurons in the PMC die they can no longer innervate the muscles to which they directly or indirectly? project? SO obviously effects the pathway from then on in terms of output | indirectly |
| Where is the supplementary motor area located? | Closer to the midline anterior to the PMC |
| The supplementary motor area has activation when we move for example our right index finger. What is this area for? | planning |
| When patient (with damage to premotor cortex in anterior region) does right hand squeeze, see normal activation But when do left hand squeeze there is also activation in the ipsilateral (left) hemisphere which is not normal. How do you explain this? | The patient used to have hemiparesis but this recovered because they can no squeeze left hand find (motor function recovered) but the region of damage has not recovered so the ipsilateral region has kicked in to help the patients motor function recover. |
| In terms of cortical and subcortical control of movement what are the cerebellum and the basal ganglia important for? | feedback loops in which they project back to the cerebral cortex via the thalamus and do not themselves project to lower motor neurons |
| Cortical neurons modulate the activity of reflex circuits in order to orchestrate coherent goal-directed behaviour | .... |
| What is normal response for adults when person scrapes bottom of foot? | Toes go downward because corticospinal cord is fully developed |
| What is normal response for babies when doctor scrapes bottom of foot? | Toes go upward (Babinski sign) |
| Re-emergence of the babinski sign in adults is a sign of what? | Damage to the corticospinal tract |
| What does this refer to? "rapid eye movement triggered by the sudden appearance of a visual signal in the periphery" | Visual Grasp Reflex |
| The visual grasp reflex serves to align the ___ with the visual signal so that we can quickly look at it so that it projects on the centre of this | fovea. |
| We have control over the visual grasp reflex through what lobe? | the frontal lobe |
| What part of the brain plays an important role in generating reflexive eye movements (visual grasp reflex) | superior colliculus |
| What does the frontal eye field play an important role in generating? | Voluntary eye movements/imposing control |
| Where is the frontal eye field located? | At the intersection of the superior frontal sulcus and the precentral sulcus. |
| In regards to the Oculomotor system oculomotor behaviour is determined by cells in a number of brain areas at both __________ and __________ levels | cortical and subcortical |
| In regards to the oculomotor system subcortical cells mediate more primitive reflective oculomotor responses. T or F? | True |
| Phylogenetically newer cortical cells impose control over primitive reflexes via projection to subcortical cells, facilitating them when advantageous and inhibiting them when ______________ | disadvantageous |
| Patients with FEF damage did worse at inhibiting contralesional or ipsilateral? stimuli on antisaccade task than controls? | contralesional |
| Read over FEF damage study and results and conclusions for it | ..... |
| Patients with lesions of the supplementary motor area may suffer from....? | Alien Hand syndrome |
| What is Alien Hand syndrome? | Syndrome where patient have no control over arm and unintentionally reach out and grasp objects with the affected arm. The sight of an object within reaching distance evokes a motor plan to grasp the object and reflects reduced internal (top-down) control |
| What are two subcortical motor disorders? | Parkinson's Disease and Huntington's Disease |
Created by:
alicemcc33
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