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Psychology 2
Second test
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Classical Conditioning | a type of learning in which a stimulus aquires the capacity to evoke a reflexive response that was originally evoked by a different stimulus |
Classical Conditioning | A biological type learning |
Stimulus | an environmental condition that elicits a response |
Reflex | a simple unlearned response to a stimulus |
Unconditional Stimulus (US) | Not learned, its natural occurring stimulus and will always produce an unconditional response |
Uncondtitional Response (UR) | natural response to the unconditioned stimulus |
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) | learned, not a natural occurring stimulus will ALWAYS produce a learned response, stimulus that was initially neutral but now elicits a response |
Conditioned Response (CR) | learned, not a natural response to the learned stimulus |
Acquisition | process that establishes or strengthens a conditioned response CS+US=CR |
Extinction | the decrease of a conditioned response CS-US=CR gone |
Discrimination | process of learning to respond to a certain stimuli and not to others |
Spontaneous Recovery | the temporary return of an extinguished response after a delay |
Stimulus Generalization | the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to; but not identical to, a conditioned stimulus |
Operant Conditioning | a type of learning in which voluntary behavior is: strengthened if it is reinforced weakened if it is punished. |
Operant Conditioning | a cognitive process |
Positive Reinforcement | add something positive to increase behavior |
Negative Reinforcement | remove something viewed as negative to increase behavior |
Steps in finding US, CS, UR, CR: | 1. Find Response 2. Look for natural event 3. Look for unnatural event |
Learning | you have to go from not being able to do something to being able to do something. |
Learning Characteristics | * Demonstrated by a change in your behavior/performance * Change in memory * You know you have learned something when you are put in a situation where you are able to recall information * Real learning is relatively permanent |
Fixed ratio | constant ratio, never changing |
Variable ratio | changing ratio, constantly changing |
Fixed interval | constant time, always at the same time |
Variable interval | inconsistent time, do not know when it might occur |
Continuous Reinforcement | you will be reinforced every time you do something |
Partial Reinforcement | being reinforced in an inconsistent way |
Primary Reinforcer | Reinforce behavior to which you find inatily pleasurable ex. sex, food, water |
Secondary Reinforcer | preference pleasuring, something that is learned to be satisfactory |
Punishment | something added to us that's unpleasurable; taking away something viewed as pleasurable used to decrease bad behavior |
Memory | ablitiy to recall information that you've learned |
Innate | something you are born with, no need to learn it |
Amnesia | Partial or total loss of memory |
Retrograde Amnesia | an inability to retrieve information from ones past |
Anterograde Amnesia | an inability to form new memories |
Sensory Memory | filter of my sensory experiences (see, taste touch, smell, hear) |
Sensory Memory types | Instant experience, Haptic, Flashbulb |
Instant experience | Iconic, breaking down what I see Echo, hear |
Haptic | taste, touch, smell 99.9% of time you forget |
Flashbulb instintainious memory | stressful, traumatic experience |
Working Memory (short term) | active process of manipulating information between 1-30 seconds 7 bits |
Long term Memory | Storage of learned info that is available for retrieval and future use |
forget | failure to remember |
rehearsal | a practice or trial performance of something for a later public performance |
Four types of long term memory | Procedural, Declarative, Semantic, Episodic |
Procedural | How to do something (tie shoes, get dressed, cooking) |
Declarative | long term factual information |
Episodic | memories about episodes of your life, your stories facts, personal |
Semantic | Factual information everyone should know (months, days of week) |
Hippocampus | the area responsible for taking in information and putting it into long term |
Different effects of why we remember what we remember: | * Primary effect * Frequency effect * Distinctiveness effect * Recentcy effect * Incoding Specificity |
Primary effect | what you remember most about a situation is what you were exposed to first |
Frequency effect | what you remember based on the amount it was shown or based on the amount you have been exposed to it |
Distinctiveness effect | things you remember because they are different (something that stands out) |
Recentcy effect | what you remember based on what you were exposed to last or most recently |
Incoding Specificity | ability to remember what you remember if you can remember where you made that memory |
Paying attention | you remember what you remember by what you choose to pay attention to |
False memory | when you create a memory based upon context |
Encoding | the processing of information into the memory system for example, by extracting meaning |