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Student Growth 1-4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| John Locke | tabula rasa - children are born with a blank slate |
| charles darwin | evolution theory - children are born built to survive |
| John Rousseau | challenged Locke and said that children are born with an innate sense of mortality and justice |
| Sigmund freud | psychodynamic theory - our later development occurs based on how we dealt with conflicts from our early development |
| ID | the component of personality that we're born with that holds our basic needs and wants |
| Ego | the component of personality that develops at 1 or 2 that works to satisfy our ID |
| Superego | the component of personality that develops at preschool age which is responsible for morals |
| Psychosexual stages | Freuds stages based on satisfying the libido -oral -anal -genital -phallic -latency |
| Attatchement | the bond that occurs between people |
| maturation theory | development occurs based on a prearranged plan in the body |
| Erik Erikson | psychosocial theory based on stages of social conflicts that occurs in specific milestones |
| imprinting | the natural bond that grows quickly between a newborn and its mother |
| critical period | the specific time in which a type of development best occurs |
| developmental psychopathology | the attempt to explain how and why abnormal development occurs |
| Jean Piaget | Cognitive Development theory development occurs in stages beginning with sensimotoral to more complex preoperational thought as the child grows |
| B.F. Skinner | children can be taught through operant conditioning |
| Lev vygotsky | The culture, religion, beliefs, and society of a childs family must be considered as the back drop of his development |
| The 4 main themes of child development | 1. early development may be similar to later development but is not perfectly predictable 2. development is both nature and nurture 3. different aspects of development can overlap each other 4. the active child helps decide his own development |
| Ivan Pavlov | classical conditioning |
| John Watson | worked alongside Piaget |
| period of the zygote | weeks 1-3 of gestation a small fluid filled ball of fertilized egg that implants itself on the uterine wall |
| what is a teratogen | an outside contaminant that can cause a negative influence on the developing fetus |
| info processing theory | the brain development of a child is similar to the evolution of a computer hard drive |
| period of the embryo | weeks 3-8 of gestation starts once the zygote is attached to the uterine wall begins to develop internal organs and vernix has small but distinguishable arms and legs |
| x and y chromosones | sex chromosones determine sex XY man XX woman |
| autosomes | the first 22 chromosones |
| genotype | the full genetic make up |
| spina bifida | a damaged spine due to a neural tube not closing properly in the embryotic period, can be a result of not enough folic acid in prenatal care |
| Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder | the result of drinking during gestation. a d.d. that can cause slow growth, cognitive delays, speech delays, and face abnormalities |
| Drugs in Pregnancy | is always dangerous. some commonly used drugs are dangerous, including caffiene, alcohol, nicotine, and aspirin |
| Disease in Pregnancy | the common cold or flu will not cause an effect; but some viral infections will cause birth defects, including, Aids, Herpes, Syphillis and Rubella |
| Stress in Pregnancy | too much stress can secrete hormones which reduces the amount of nutrition that goes to the baby. Mothers under stress are more likely to drink or smoke. |
| Smoking in Pregnancy | In the first stages can result in miscariage, and later in pregnancy could cause Low birth weight or premature birth |
| stages of labour | 1. opening of cervix 2. delivery of baby 3.birth of placenta |
| passive gene-environment relation | the parents are likely to expose their children to things that will match their geneotype |
| evocative gene-environment relation | the environment is likely to be influenced by that of their genotype |
| active gene-environment relation | the child is likely to seek environments that match his genotype |
| Niche picking | As a child grows older, and tries to fit into society, he or she may seek environments outside of his genotype |
| in vitro fertilization | sperm and eggs are combined in a lab dish and then inserted into the mothers uterus. Is expensive and has a low success rate |
| The main components of tetragons | -different tetragons are responsiblefor different defects -the amount of effect depends on the genotype -some disabilities are not present at birth but in later development -the amount of effect caused changes throughout gestation |
| gamete | sperm and eggs |
| James Mark Baldwin | opened the first psych lab in the british empire and canada at U of T believed children grew in stages, and development was a combination of both nature and nurture |
| Eriksons 1st and second stage | trust vs mistrust autonomy vs shame |
| Phenotype | the complete set of our genotype and environmental factors that contribute to biology and psychology |
| heterozygous | two genes that are different |
| homozygous | two genes that are the same |
| dominant gene | the more powerful gene, that has the highest chance of becoming the trait |
| recessive gene | the less powerful gene that will likely be ignored |
| implantation | the process of the fertilized egg implanting itself on the uterine wall |
| longitude study | studying one group in intervals over a large time span |
| tabula rasa | latin for "blank slate" john lockes theory |
| DNA | spiral strands found in cells that hold our entire genetic make up (our genotypes) |
| experiment | researchers manipulate the dependent variable to see if the independent one will change |
| field experiment | researches can study their experiment outside of the lab in a more naturalistic setting |
| vernix | hair that protects the developing fetus |
| Downes Syndrome | caused by an extra or missing 21st chromosone not present at birth until later development avg age expectancy 25-60 cognitive delays, growth delays, physical delays and heart problems |
| annoxia | the disruption of oxygen to the developing fetus |
| cesarean | an incision in the mothers abdoman which removes the baby in high risk births |
| placental abruption | when the placenta become detached from the uterine wall, resulting in still birth |
| crowning | the position the baby goes into to prepare for birth with his head down |
| breech baby | a baby that does not go head down to prepare for birth |
| chronic villas screening CVS | a prenatal screening method which takes a sample of the placenta from the mothers uterus that is tested for birth deffects |
| newborn stages | 1. alert inactivity 2. waking activity 3. crying 4. sleeping |
| amniosentecis | a prenatal screening method which sticks a needle in the mothers abdomin and takes a sample of amniotic fluid that is tested for birth defects |
| environmental hazards in pregnancy | pregnant women can be exposed to dangerous contaminants in the air, water and food. lead, mercury, PCBs, VDTs, Xrays |
| Kondrad Lorenz | studied attachment on chickens by taking their mothers away |
| correlation study | the measurement of a relationship between 2 variables |
| phenotype | the rest of the environmental influences that contribute to biological and psychological factors |
| polygenic inheritance | when there are multiple genes contributing to a trait or behaviour |
| reliable and valid | are the findings consistent each time? is the info valid to the hypothesis? |
| prenatal nutrition | must take an extra 500 calories per day, some vitamins as well as folic acid. a pregnant woman should gain 11-16 kg |
| ultrasound | prenatal screening method that transmits sound waves on the mothers abdomen into an image. can detect some defects, babies position and size, muscle mass and fluid levels |
| teenage motherhood | may not receive proper prenatal care. have higher chances of having children with behavior problems due to lack of education, and poverty |
| waiting to have a baby | people may wait so that they can start a career, etc. mothers over 30 have a greater risk of difficult pregnancies and deliveries as well as birth defects |
| Fetal Alcohol syndrome | the result on drinking in pregnancy |
| Learning perspective | Ivan Pavlov and John Watson believe that anything can be learned through experiance |
| means for collecting research | interviews and questionnaires or surveys naturalistic observations structured observations task analysis |
| cross-selection study | studying different groups at the same time |
| microgenetic studying | studying one group every day |
| population vs. sample | a population is the entire group that you want to study, ie, Canadians or 10 year olds. The sample is the appropriate and non biased representation of your population that you will study. ie, grade 4 classes around the country |
| Research ethics | -must be safe -participants must agree to the study -participants may not be decieved -research must be within legal laws and the participants rights -findings are kept confidential |
| Meosis | the production of gametes |
| chromosone | the baby receives 23 from each parent in its gametes (eggs and sperm, it is a structured cell that contains genes |
| Genes | carried in the "rings" of our DNA, holds all of our heredity and traits |
| alleles | every child inherits one form of each gene from each parent called an allele |
| Single Nucleoticle polymorphosism (SNP) | gene mutations which can result in some diseases, ie, sickle cell amnia |
| endogamy | the tedency to prefer mating within your own culture |
| Behavioural Genetics | the branch of gentic studies that looks at the inheritance of behavioural and psychological traits, which can be very complex because personalities have a broad range. Behaviour is never made up of just genes |
| Researchers study behaviour through | identical twins, fraternal twins, and adopted children. with complex experiments researchers can test DNA and compare behaviour and psychological traits |
| Identical twins | monozygotic |
| fraternal twins | dizygotic |
| Non shared environmental influences | parents may not treat each of their children exactly the same, and siblings may have different day to day experiances |
| Nature and nurture in behaviour genes | heredity is never the sole determent of a personality trait, behaviour is about 50/50 heredity and environment |
| genetic disorders | can be either inhereted, or be a chromosone malfunction- ie, Downes and Huntingtons |
| Huntingtons Disease | caused by a dominant 4th chromosone |
| most common sex chromosone disorders | XYY disease and Klinifelters disease (another is Tourners disease) |
| Abnormal chromosones | if a child is born with an extra, missing or damages chromosone abnormal development will occur, these abnormalities are more likely to take place in older pregnancies |
| Mainstream classes | Developmentally delayed students will be in regular classes as long as possible, but will likely be moved to a spec. ed. class eventually |
| heredity is not the destiny of personality | there are no genes that make a behaviour, but only that will contribute to making a behaviour more or less likely. ie, tall people may play basketball |
| reaction range | the range of phenotypic expressions possible for a genotype considering the environmental influences |
| amnion | the sac in with developing fetus rests, which is filled with amniotic fluid |
| cephalocaudal principle | growth from head to toes |
| proximodistal principle | growth from the center of the body out width wise |
| fetus | week 9-38 after embriotic period. this is when all of the major growth of the inner organs, cerebral cortex, hair, facial fetures, gender, etc. |
| age of viability | most of the fetus' systems are developed enough to support life of premature birth at 22-28 weeks |
| midwife | a registered nurse oractitioner who is trained in labour delivery. follows a more natural form of birthing, forming a deeoer relationship with patients and doing home and water births |
| Doula | professional birthing coach |
| annoxia | a condition where the infants breathing becomes constricted due to a problem with the umbillical chord |
| hypnoxia | reduced oxygen supply to the fetus |
| infant mortality rate | the rate of children who die before 1 year (approx. 5or6/1000 in canada) |
| premature birth | babies born before 38 weeks of gestation |
| Low birth weight | babies born under 3 kg, may be at greater risk for LD's and DD's |
| Agpar score | evaluation of infants based on 5 basic things : skin tone, muscle tone, heart beat, breathing and reflexes such as crying and coughing |
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