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Section 2
Research and Critical Thinking
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Theory | General idea or explanation of why things are the way they are or how things work |
| Hypothesis | specific prediction, based on a theory, in a form that can be tested |
| Correlational Study | preliminary type study where one simply looks at two factors to see if there might be a relationship between them. May establish that there appears to be some kind of association between the two factors but does NOT determine "cause and effect" |
| Positive Correlation | approaching +1.0- as one goes up, the other goes up, and as one goes down, the other goes down |
| Negative correlation | approaching -1.0- as one goes up, the other goes down, and as one goes down, the other goes up |
| Independent Variable | factor controlled and manipulated by the experimenter |
| Dependent Variable | factor assumed to be influenced (outcome measure) |
| Reliability | extent to which an outcome measure tends to produce consistent readings under ordinary circumstances involving no independent variable manipulation- also,extent to which an outcome measure tends to produce consistent readings no matter who is conducting |
| Validity | extent to which an outcome measure actually measures what it is supposed to measure |
| Experimental Group | subjects receiving treatment in an experimental study |
| Control Group | subjects receiving no treatment in an experimental study |
| Random Assignment | unbiased division of subjects to create equal groups |
| Representative Sample | subjects should be a reasonably accurate reflection of the larger population to which the study's conclusions would apply |
| Statistical Significance | extent to which the results of an experimental study are not likely to be caused simply by chance (small differences between small groups mean nothing). |
| Meta-Analysis | process of reviewing and analyzing results of several studies on the same topic performed by different researchers (one study never proves anything) |
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pinoybidd3
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