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SocPsy - 4.3 / Misc
Social Psychology with Professor Scott Plous
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| matching phenomenon | The tendency for men and women to choose as partners those who are a “good match” in attractiveness and other traits. |
| obedience | Acting in accord with a direct order. |
| prejudice | a prejudgment, usually negative, about a group or its members. As commonly used in psychology, prejudice is not merely a statement of opinion or belief, but an attitude that includes feelings such as contempt, dislike, or loathing. |
| stereotype | “pictures in the head,” or mental reproductions of reality. The term gradually came to mean generalizations—or, quite often, overgeneralizations—about the members of a group. |
| discrimination | putting group members at a disadvantage or treating them unfairly as a result of their group membership. |
| personal discrimination | refers to acts of discrimination committed by individuals (e.g., a manager who refuses to hire Jewish employees) |
| institutional discrimination | refers to discriminatory policies or practices carried out by organizations and other institutions (e.g., an anti-Semitic immigration policy). |
| social dominance orientation | characteristic true of people who want their own group to dominate and be superior to other groups |
| authoritarian personality | rigid thinkers who obeyed authority, saw the world as black and white, and enforced strict adherence to social rules and hierarchies |
| assimilation | minimizing differences within categories |
| contrast | exaggerating differences between categories |
| ingroup | group to which someone belongs |
| outgroup | group to which the person does not belong |
| outgroup homogeneity effect | people tend to see outgroup members as more alike than ingroup members when it comes to attitudes, values, personality traits, and other characteristics |
| ingroup bias | the tendency of people to favor their own group |
| minimal group procedure | an experimental technique in which people who have never met before are divided into groups on the basis of minimal information (e.g., a preference for one type of painting versus another, or even just the toss of a coin) |
| implicit egotism | an unconscious preference for things associated with the self. Such preferences are psychologically meaningful because of their connection to people’s self-concept and identity |
| social identity theory | people maintain their self-esteem in part by identifying with groups and believing that the groups they belong to are better than other groups. Even experimentally created minimal groups can bolster one's self-esteem through ingroup biases |
| “just-world” ideology | assumes people get what they deserve and deserve what they get |
| ultimate attribution error | when ingroup members (1) attribute negative outgroup behavior to disposition (moreso than for ingroup), and (2) attribute positive outgroup behavior to: (a) a fluke, (b) luck/special advantage, (c) high motivation/effort, and (d) situational factors. |
| symbolic racism | rejects old-style racism but still express prejudice indirectly (e.g. as opposition to policies that help racial minorities) |
| ambivalent racism | experiences an emotional conflict between positive and negative feelings toward stigmatized racial groups |
| modern racism | sees racism as wrong but view racial minorities as making unfair demands or receiving too many resources |
| aversive racism | believes in egalitarian principles such as racial equality but have a personal aversion toward racial minorities |
| modern sexism | characterized by a denial that sex discrimination continues to be a problem, antagonism toward women’s groups, and a belief that the government and news media show too much concern about the treatment of women. |
| ambivalent sexism | ncludes two separate but interrelated components: (1) hostile sexism, which involves negative feelings toward women, and (2) benevolent sexism, a chivalrous ideology that offers protection and affection to women who adopt conventional gender roles |
| self-perpetuating stereotypes | once stereotypes are learned—whether from the media, family members, direct experience, or elsewhere—they sometimes take on a life of their own |
| contact hypothesis | Prejudice (unless deeply rooted) may be reduced by equal status contact between groups in the pursuit of common goals. Effect is greatly enhanced if this contact is sanctioned by institutional supports, and provided it is of a sort that leads to the perce |
| jigsaw classroom | divides students into small, racially diverse work groups in which each student is given a vital piece of information about the assigned topic (thereby making each group member indispensable to the others). |
Created by:
Steve Robbins
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