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Egan's Ch. 12
Solutions, Body fluids, and Electrolytes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is a stable mixture of two or more substances in a single phase, that cannot be separated by centurfuge? | solution |
| What is a substance that dissolves? | solute |
| what is a medium in which a substance dissoled? | solvent |
| what are colloids also know as? | dispersions or gels |
| what is a colloid? | a substance consisting of large molecules that attract and hold water. |
| How are molecules in colloids distributed? | uniformly |
| Do colloids settle? | not usually |
| What is an example of a colloid? | the protoplasm inside of cells |
| What is a suspension? | they are composed of large particles that float in a liquid. |
| can a suspension be physically separated by centerfugation? | yes |
| Give an example of a suspension? | red blood cells in plasma |
| what does NaCl stand for? | sodium chloride |
| what is the normal body cellular tonicity of sodium chloride? | 0.9% |
| what is tonicity? | how much osmotic pressure is exerted by a solution |
| what is hypertonic? | high tonicity >0.9% NaCl |
| what is hypotonic? | low tonicity <0.9% NaCl |
| what is it called when two solutions have the same or similar tonicity? Also, when a solution has an osmotic pressure equal to the average intercellular pressure of the body? | isotonic = 0.9%NaCl |
| how does a hypertonic solution effect the cells? | it draws water out of the cells in order to reach equalibrium of pressures |
| how does a hypotonic solution effect the cells? | it adds water to the cells in order to reach equalibrium of pressures |
| what is the force produced by solvent particles under certain conditions? | osmotic pressure |
| what does osmotic pressure do? | it redistributes sovent molecules so that the same concentration exists on bot sides of a semipermeable membrane. |
| what allows passage of solutes but not solvents? | semipermeable membrane |
| positive ions that migrate to the negative pole of an electrode in an electrolyte solution? | cations |
| negative ions that migrate to the positive pole of an electrode in an electrolyte solution? | anions |
| what is the common expression of the minute values for most chemicals in the body? | mEq milligram equivalent weights |
| what is equivalent weight? | amounts of substances that have equal combining power |
| V1C1 + V2C2 | dilution equation |
| Dilute 10 ml of a 2% solution to a concentration of 0.5%? | 10 * 0.02 / 0.005 = 40 ml |
| what kind of compound can donate H+ or accept an electron pair in an aqueous solution? | acid |
| what kind of acid donates H+? | Bronsted-Lowry acid |
| what kind of acid accepts an electron pair? | Lewis acid |
| what is the relationship between Hydrogen ions and protons? | they are the same thing |
| what is a compound that yeilds hydroxyl (OH) ions when placed in an auqeous solution? | base |
| what is a substance that can inactivate an acid?? | base |
| what is another name for a base compound that inactivates an acid? | hydroxide |
| what do hydroxide ions chemically bind to? | metal or ammonium (OH) |
| What is the Bronsted-Lowry definition of a base? | any compound that accepts a proton |
| what is it called when a base is paired with an scid that donates the proton? | a conjugate pair |
| what does the pH scale describe? | the concentration of H+ in a solution. |
| how is pH expressed? | -log[H+] |
| Why is pH expressed as -log[H+]? | because the actual numbers are extremely small |
| What is log? | logorithm counts in 10's and increases exponentially; 1=10, 2=100, 3=1000, 4=10000 |
| is pH represented as a positive or a negative number? | positive |
| how do you calculate pH? | convert the value for H+ to a negative exponent of 10 and calculate its logarithm; 1 x 10 to the negative 7 |
| what is the pH of water? | 7 |
| what is the pH of the body? | 7.40 with a range of 7.35-7.45 |
| what is the pH scale? | a scale of pH ranging for 1-14 with 7 in the middle representing water, decrease in number becomes more acidic the more it moves to the left, increase in number means more alkaline the more it moves to the right |
| what does a pH of 3 respresent? | acicid |
| what does a pH of 12 represent? | alkaline (basic) |
| a pH change of 0.3 yeilds what change in H+? | 2 fold |
| a pH change of 1 unit yeilds what change in H+? | 10 fold |
| What is the major component of the body? | water |
| what percentage of the body is water? | 45%-80% |
| what is a valence? | the number of electrons that need to be added or removedto make a substance electrically neutral |
| what effect does increased CO2 have on pH? | decreased pH, acidic |
| what effect does deacreased CO2 have on pH? | increased pH, alkaline |
| what is the fluid between cells but outside of vascular spaces? | interstitial fluid |
| what does interstitial fluid do? | provides structural support during times of cellular volume depletion |
| what are the predominant extracellular electrolytes? | Sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl-), andbicarbonate (HCO3-) |
| what are the predominatn intracellular electrolytes? | potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg++), phosphate (PO43-), and sulfate (SO42-) |
| What causes the high osmotic pressure of plasma? | protein, cheifly albumin |
| what is an important determinant of fluid distribution between vascular and interstitial compartments? | osmotic pressure |
| intravascular and interstitial fluids have ____ electrolyte compositions? | similar |
| _____ and _____ are examples of insensible water loss. | skin and lungs |
| what is the average daily volume loss of water from the lungs? | 200 ml |
| what is the average daily volume loss of water from tha skin? | 700 ml |
| ____ and ____ are examples of sensible water loss. | urinary and GI tract |
| what causes an almost immediate shift of the body to alkalinity? | washing out of the stomachs acid; vomitting |
| what causes an almost immediate shift of the body to acidity? | washing out the GI tracts bases; diarrhea |
| does ventilation have an effect on water loss? | yes |
| ____ and ____ are ways to replenish water. | ingestion and metabolism |
| how does most water get replaced? | ingestion 500-600 ml just from solid food |
| how does metabloism replace water? | oxidation of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins; also the destruction of cells |
| what is the metabolic production of water during starvation? | 2000 ml/day from 1 kg of fat |
| what is the metabolic production of water during recovery after surgery or trauma? | 1 L/day from 500 mg of protein and 500 mg of fat |
| what is the average amout of liquid consumed each day by an adult? | 1500-2000 ml |
| what is the pressure caused by the weight of a fluid called? | hydrostatic pressure |
| hydrostatic pressure can also be defined as... | the volume of fluid in a container and the effects of gravity |
| what is the importance of hydrostatic pressure? | it enhances the movement of fluid and solutes between capillary blood to interstitial fluid |
| what causes an increase in hydrostatic pressure? | backpressure from failing left ventricle; congestive heart failure |
| how does an increase in hydrostatic pressure effect the pulmonary circuit? | it disrupts the balance, causing fluid to move into the alveolar-capillary spaces; pulmonary edema |
| what is the normal value of sodium (Na+)? value range? | 140 mEq/L 135-145 mEg/L |
| what is the normal value for chloride (Cl-)? value range? | 90 mEq/L 80-100 mEq/L |
| what is the normal value of potassium (K+)? value range? | 4 mEq/L 3.5-4.5 mEq/L |
| what is the normal value for bicarbonate (HCO3-)? value range? | 24 mEq/L 22-26 mEq/L |
| what is a low level of sodium called? | hyponatremia |
| what is hypernatremia? | high level of sodium |
| what is hypochloremia? | low level of chloride |
| what is a high level of chloride called? | hyperchloremia |
| what is hypokalemia? | low level of potassium |
| what is a high level of potassium called? | hyperkalemia |
| what is the most prominent anion in the body? | chloride 2/3 extracellular 1/3 intracellular |
| what is the second most prominent anion in the body? | bicarbonate HCO3- 50% intracellular 50% extracellular |
| what is the bodies major circulating cation? | sodium 50% extracellular 10% intracellular 40% bone |
| what is the main cation of the intracellular compartment? | potassium 98% intracellular 2% extracellular |
| what is the ratio of bicarbonate (HCO3-) to carbonic acid in a healthy individual? | 20:1, resulting in 7.40 pH |
| bicarbonate (HCO3-) is the primary means of transporting what? | CO2 from the tissues to the lungs |
| hyperkalemia is a common result of what? how is it treated? | renal insufficiencey restriction of potassium (K+) intake |
| what regulates HCO3- levels to maintain a near normal pH in an acid-base disorder? | the kidneys |
| what do the kidneys do in respiratory acidosis? | retain or produce HCO3-_to buffer against the additional acid caused byCO2 retention |
| the retention/ excretion relationship between HCO3- and Cl- concentrations? | reciprocal HCO3- retention = Cl- excretion and vice versa |
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