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Psych 101 TEST #1
TEST #1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Psychology? | the scientific study of mental processes and human behavior |
| What are the 4 goals of Psychology? | 1. Describe behavior 2. Explain behavior 3. Predict behavior 4. Control behavior |
| When studying why a certain behavior or mental process occurs, one can study the influences of: | 1. The Brain 2. The Person 3. The Group |
| What is Philosophy? | Study of knowledge and reality |
| Who was the first to advocate empirical testing and observation? | Aristotle |
| Who used direct observation to test his theory of medicine, which later led to the development of the scientific method. | Hippocrates |
| Who: 1.was the father of Psychology 2.established the 1st Psych Lab 3.started branch of Psych called Voluntarism | Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) |
| What is Structuralism? | An attempt to try and identify all of the elements of consciousness.....parts that up an engine |
| What is Introspection? | Looking within yourself to identify conscious elements |
| Who founded Structuralism? | Edward Titchener (1867-1927) |
| Who was Titchener and what did he do? | He was a student of Wundt, and he established the first psychology laboratory in the United States (at Cornell). |
| What is Functionalism and who founded it? | The belief that mental processes were fluid (“stream of consciousness”).....What the engine can do in diff envir....Emphasizes the purpose of the mind or its function in adapting to the environment.....William James |
| Who was William James and what did he do? | First psychologist in the United States.....He taught at Harvard.....He wrote out the first psychology textbook Principles of Psychology, which was published in 1890. |
| What is Gestalt Psychology? | Said consciousness CANNOT be broken down into small elements.....Gestalt is a German word meaning an organized “whole” ot “form”.....Studied the orderly ways in which we perceive things.....We tend to focus on whole perceptual units. |
| What is Psychoanalysis and who founded it? | The belief that people’s behaviors are based on their unconscious desires.....Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) He developed psychoanalysis, a form of therapy that aimed to resolve unconscious conflicts |
| What is Behaviorist Psych? | The belief that the scientific investigation of psychology should be focused only on behavior you can see. |
| Who founded Behaviorist Psych? | -Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936).....-John B. Watson (1878-1958).....-B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) |
| What did Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)do? | Found that dogs could learn to associate a bell with an automatic behavior, such as salivating for food. He believed he discovered how all behaviors were learned. |
| What did John B. Watson (1878-1958)do? | He conducted the “Little Albert” experiment and solidified classical conditioning. (baby learned to associate crashing noise with white rat) |
| What did B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) do? | He developed operant conditioning. Operant Conditioning uses reinforcement and punishment to shape behaviors. |
| What is Operant Conditioning? | The process where individuals learn to perform and repeat certain behaviors by experiencing positive consequences after they first manifest behaviors. |
| What is Humanistic Psychology and who founded it? | Stresses a person’s capacity for personal growth, freedom to choose his or her destiny, and positive qualities......Humanists say that our subjective perceptions of the world are more important than behavior itself. |
| Who founded Humanistic Psych? | Carl Rogers (1902-1987) Developed “client-centered therapy,” which said that people are innately good......Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) Developed a theory of motivation that consists of a hierarchy of needs. |
| Hierarchy of Needs: Founder and basic definition? | Founded by Maslow.....believed that we must satisfy basic physiological and safety needs first to progress up the hierarchy and achieve self-actualization. |
| Hierarchy of Needs steps: bottom to top | Physiological.....Safetey.....Belonging and love.....Esteem.....Self-actualization |
| What is Cognitive Psych and who founded it? | It focused on the important role of mental processes in how people process information, develop language, solve problems, and think......The development of computers and neuroscience helped to create this field......Ulric Neisser (1928- ) |
| What is Cultural Psychology? | The study of how cognitive processes vary across different cultures |
| How is Psychology today different from before? | Contemporary psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. |
| What are the 3 main branches of Psychology? | Clinical and Counseling Psychology Work as therapists.....Academic Work as professors both teaching and doing research.....Applied Work in schools, marketing firms, research institutions, etc. applying psychological skills to real-life situations. |
| What are the shared values of all Psychologists? | Theory-driven—use theories to explain behavior.....Empirical—based on research.....Multilevel—explained by the brain, the individual, and social influences.....Contextual—psychology is based on cultural context |
| Two core beliefs of science? | 1) The universe operates according to certain natural laws. 2) Such laws are discoverable and testable. |
| What is Deductive Reasoning and the Scientific Method Steps? | from broad basic principles applied to specific situations.....1)Theory 2)Predictions 3)Observation/Experiment |
| What is Inductive Reasoning and the Scientific Method Steps? | from small specific situations to more general truths.....1)Observation/Experiment 2)Predictions 3)Theory |
| What is Hypothetico-deductive reasoning and the Scientific Method Steps? | blended model.....1)Hypothesis 2)Observation/Experiment 3)Hypothesis supported not supported |
| Steps in Scientific Method? | 1)Make Observations 2)Develop Hypothesis 3)Test Hypothesis 4)Build a Theory |
| Pseudopsychology | No use of the scientific method when commenting on human behavior and mental processes. |
| Independent Variable | the variable that you manipulate. |
| Dependent Variable | the variable that you measure |
| Operational Defintion | how we (the researcher) decide to measure our Dependent Variable. |
| 2 Basic Types of research | 1)Descriptive-Research method used to observe and describe behavior 2)Experimental-To demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationships between two variables. |
| Types of Descriptive Research | -Naturalistic Observation -Surveys -Case Studies -Correlation Studies |
| Universal Disadvantage of Descriptive Research | Cannot determine cause and affect |
| Descriptive Stats vs Inferential Stats | Descriptive Statistics—describe the data Mean—Average of all of the scores.....Inferential Statistics—help to make conclusions about the data |
| What Ethical Research Guidelines Do Psychologists Follow? | The Institutional Review Board (IRB) is considered the ethics police. They make sure that EVERYONE who conducts research follows ethical guidelines. |
| Qualitative vs. Quantitative | Qualitative-developed in stages (discontinuity).....Quantitative-develop continuously or slowly over time. |
| How is Developmental Psychology Investigated? | 1) Cross-Sectional Research—Compares many different age groups at one time point......2) Longitudinal Research—Studies the same group of individuals over multiple time points. |
| Advantages and Disadvantages of Cross-Sectional Research vs Longitudinal Research | CROSS-SECTIONAL DESIGN Advantage: quicker! Disadvantage: cannot control for outside variables.....LONGITUDINAL DESIGN Advantage: eliminates outside variables Disadvantages: takes a very long time, $$$$$ |
| Genotype and Phenotype | Geneotype—the sum total of all the genes that a person inherits.....Phenotype—the way in which the genes are actually expressed; observed characteristics of the genes. |
| Homozygous VS Heterozygous | Homozygous—genes are alike Show inherited trait.....Heterozygous—genes are not alike Genes duke it out to see which trait will appear |
| Ways Genes Can Interact in Heterozygous Relationships | 1) Dominant and recessive traits 2) Codominant or additive traits |
| discrete traits vs polygenic traits | Only a few of our traits are discrete traits: the product of a single gene pair.....Most human traits are polygenic traits: ones that involve the combined impact of multiple genes most behaviors are polygenetic |
| Three Stages of Prenatal Development | 1)Germinal stage.....2)Embryonic stage 2-8 weeks: embryo.....3)Fetal stage 9-36 weeks Muscular, skeletal, and organ systems develop |
| What is a Teratogen? | A teratogen is any substance that causes damage during gestation |
| Two Growth Trends in Infants | Cephalocaudal—growth from the top down (head grows faster than torso and feet).....Proximodistal—growth from the inside out (torso grows faster than arms and fingers) |
| Sensory Capabilities at Birth | Vision—worst sense at birth.....Hearing—somewhat developed.....Taste and smell—very developed at birth |
| Three Parts of Infant Brain Development | 1)Massive increase in number of synapses.....2)Synaptic Pruning—get rid of unused connections.....3)Myelination |
| Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory | Social interaction is vital to children’s learning and development |
| Erikson’s Adulthood Stages | Intimacy vs. Isolation.....Generativity vs. stagnation.....Integrity vs. despair |
Created by:
jay_mazing
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