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Psych 202 (CNU)
Bernstein, Penner, Clark-Stewart, Roy, Ch 1-2; 11
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Psychology | The science of behavior and mental processes |
| Positive Psychology | A field of research that focuses on people's positive experiences and characteristics, such as happiness, optimism, and resilience |
| Biological Psychologists | Psychologists who analyze the biological factors influencing behavior and mental processes. Also called physiological psychologists. |
| Cognitive Psychologists | Psychologists who study the mental processes underlying judgment, decision making, problem solving, imagining, and other aspects of human thought or cognition. Also called experimental psychologists |
| Engineering Psychology | A field in which psychologists study human factors in the use of equipment and help designers create better versions of that equipment. |
| Social Psychologists | Psychologists who study how people influence one another's behavior and mental processes, individually and in groups. |
| Industrial and Organizational Psychologists | Study ways to improve efficiency, productivity, and satisfaction among workers and their organizations that employ them, |
| Quantitative psychologists | Develop and use statistical tools to analyze research data, |
| Sport psychologists | Explore the relationships between athletic performance and such psychological variables as motivation and emotion |
| Forensic Psychologists | Assist in jury selection, evaluate defendants' mental competence to stand trial, and deal with other issues involving psychology and the law |
| Environmental Psychologists | Study the effects of the physical environment on behavior and mental processes |
| Neuroscience | The scientific study of all levels of the nervous system, including neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, neurology, neruophysiology, and neuropharmacology |
| Neuroscience/Biological perspective | the approach that views behavior from the perspective of the brain, the nervous system, and other biological functions |
| Psychodynamic approcach | The approach based on the view that behavior is motivated by unconscious inner forces over which the individual has little control |
| Cognitive perspective | The approach that focuses on how people think, understand, and know about the world |
| Humanistic Perspective | Suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop and be in control of their lives and behavior. |
| Structuralism | Titchener (trained by Wundt); to study common experience and its structure; used experiments and introspection |
| Psychoanalysis | Freud; to explain personality and behavior, to develop techniques for treating mental disorders; used study of individual cases |
| Functionalism | William James; to study how the mind works in allowing an organism to adapt to the environment; used naturalistic observations of animal and human behavior |
| Behaviorism | John B. Watson & BF Skinner; to study only observable behavior and explain behavior through learning principles; used observation of the relationship between environmental stimuli and behavioral stimuli |
| Evolutionary Approach | An approach to psychology that emphasizes the inherited, adaptive aspects of behavior and mental processes |
| Sociocultural factors | social identity and other background factors such as gender, ethnicity, social class, and culture |
| Culture | the accumulation of values, rules of behavior, forms of expression, religious beliefs, occupational choices, and the like for a group of people who share a common language and environment |
| Operational Definiton | A statement that defines the exact operations of methods used in research |
| Statistical Reliability | The degree to which test results or other research evidence occurs REPEATEDLY |
| Statistical Validity | The degree to which evidence from a test or other research method measures WHAT IT IS SUPPOSED TO MEASURE |
| Correlational Research | two sets of variables are examined to see if they are associated, looking for relationships (positive, negative or none) |
| Confound | In an experiment, any factor that affects the dependent variable, along with or instead of the independent variable |
| Motivation | the influences that account for the initiation, direction, intensity, and persistence of behavior |
| Motive | A reason or purpose for behavior |
| Instinct Doctrine | A view that explains human behavior as motivated by automatic, involuntary and unlearned responses |
| Fixed-Action Patterns | Specific actions triggered by specific situations |
| Modal Action Patterns | Tendencies to actions, modified by situations; but tendencies don't always trigger action |
| Drive Reduction Theory | a theory of motivation stating that motivation arises from imbalances in homeostasis; primary drives - biological, secondary drives - learned requirements (like money) |
| Drive | A psychological state of arousal created by an imbalance in homeostasis that prompts an organism to take action to restore the balance and reduce the drive |
| Arousal Theory | People are motivated to behave in ways that maintain what is for them an optimal level of arousal |
| Incentive Theory | Behavior is directed toward attaining desirable stimuli and avoiding unwanted stimuli |
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