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-RHETORICAL DEVICES-

Rhetorical Strategies Flashcards

TermDefinition
1. ad hominem an argument made that (a.) appeals to a person’s feelings or prejudices rather than intellect or (b.) is marked by an attach on an opponent’s character rather than his contentions/arguments.
2. allegory a story in which objects, characters, and actions are symbols of something outside the narrative.
3. alliteration the repetition of initial sounds.
4. allusion a reference to a well-known person, place, event, literary work, or work of art.
5. anachronism something out of its normal time.
6. anaphora repetition when it is specifically used at the beginning of two or more lines, clauses, or sentences.
7. anastrophe inversion of the usual, normal, or logical order of the parts of a sentence. Inversion is a synonym for anastrophe.
8. analogy a comparison that explains or describes one subject by pointing out its similarities to another subject.
9. antithesis involves a direct contrast of structurally parallel word groupings, generally for the purpose of contrast.
10. aphorism a concise statement of a principle or precept given in pointed words.
11. apostrophe a figure of speech in which a speaker directly addresses an absent person or a personified quality.
12. apposition the placing next to a noun another noun or phrase that explains it.
13. archetype A statement, or pattern of behavior, a prototype upon which others are copied, patterned, or emulated.
14. assonance repetition of vowel sounds.
15. asyndeton - condensed form of expression in which a series is presented without conjunctions.
16. categorical assertion (or claim) States how one thing relates to another in its entirety.
17. chiasmus a figure of speech by which the order of the terms in the first of two parallel clauses is reversed in the second.
18. climax when a writer arranges ideas in order of importance
19. connotation the set of associations that occur to people when they hear or read a word.
20. consonance repetition of consonant sounds.
21. denotation the dictionary meaning of a word
22. details the facts given by the author or speaker as support for the attitude or tone
23. dialect the form of a language spoken by people in a particular region or group
24. dialogue a conversation between characters
25. diction (word choice) To discuss a writer’s diction is to consider the vocabulary used, the appropriateness of the words, and the vividness of the language.
26. direct characterization the author directly states a character’s traits
27. dramatic irony a contradiction between what a character thinks and what the reader or audience knows to be true
28. ellipsis the deliberate omission of a word or words which are readily implied by the context; it creates an elegant or daring economy of words.
29. epanalepsis repetition at the end of a clause of the word the occurs at the beginning.
30. epiphany a sudden understanding or realization which prior to this was not thought of or understood
31. epistrophe repetition of the same word or group of words at the ends of successive clauses (the opposite of anaphora).
32. epitaph an inscription used to mark burial places.
33. epithet a word or phrase used in place of a person’s name; it is characteristic of that person:
34. euphemism a device where being indirect replaces directness to avoid unpleasantness
35. extended metaphor It differs from a regular in that several comparisons are made and are extended throughout the passage.
36. first-person narrator A character in a story who is telling the story; readers see only what this character sees, hears, etc.
37. figurative language writing or speech not meant to be interpreted literally
38. flashback – a section of a literary work that interrupts the sequence of events to relate an event from an earlier time
39. foreshadowing the use in a literary work of clues that suggest events that have yet to occur
40. homily – a form of oral religious instruction given by a minister to a church congregation (It usually gives practical moral counsel rather than discussion of doctrine.)
41. hubris derived from the Greek word hybris, means “excessive pride.” In Greek tragedy, hubris is often viewed as the flaw that leads to the downfall of the tragic hero.
42. hyperbole a deliberate exaggeration or overstatement ex. “That story is as old as time.”
43. image a word or phrase that appeals to one or more of the five senses.
44. imagery the descriptive of figurative language used in literature to appeal to one or more of the five senses
45. imperative a command or order.
46. indirect characterization the conclusions a reader draws about a character based on the appearance, behavior, speech, private thoughts, effect he/she has on other characters
47. inversion a change in the normal word order.
48. irony the general name given to literary techniques that involve differences between: a. appearances and reality b. expectation and result c. meaning and intention
49. juxtaposition a poetic and rhetorical device in which normally unassociated ideas, words, or phrases are placed next to one another
50. literal language uses words in their ordinary senses (the opposite of figurative language)
51. litotes (opposite of hyperbole) an understatement usually through a form of negation.
52. loose sentence follows the basic subject, verb, complement pattern.
53. maxim (similar to an aphorism) an adage, a concise statement, usually drawn from experience, and inculcating some practical advise.
54. metaphor a comparison between two unlike things not using “as,” “like,” “than,” or “resembles
55. metonymy a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it.
56. monologue a speech by one character in a play, story, or poem in which he/she has listeners who do not speak
57. mood the feeling created in the reader by a literary work or passage
58. motif a simple device that serves as a basis for an expanded narrative . . . The motif is a recurring feature in the work.
59. motivation the reason that explains or partially explains a character’s thoughts, feelings, actions, or behavior
60. narrator - a speaker or character who tells a story . . . He/She may be either a character in the story or an outside observer.
61. non sequitur a logical fallacy, a comment which has no relation to the comment it follows.
62. omniscient narrator an all-knowing 3rd person narrator . . . This type of narrator can reveal to readers what the characters think and feel.
63. onomatopoeia the use of words that imitate sounds.
64. oxymoron a figure of speech that combines two opposing or contradictory ideas.
65. paradox a statement that seems contradictory or absurd but that expresses the truth.
66. parallelism the repetition of grammatical structure. It consists of phrases or sentences of similar construction and meaning placed side by side, balancing each other.
67. parenthesis the insertion of words, phrases, or a sentence that is not syntactically related to the rest of the sentence. It is set off by dashes or parentheses.
68. pathetic fallacy a form of personification where huma traits are attributed to nature or inanimate objects.
69. periodic sentence (opposite of a loose sentence) a sentence withholding its main idea until the end.
70. personification giving human characteristics to a nonhuman subject.
71. point of view the perspective from which a story is told
72. pun a play on words based on different meanings of words that sound alike.
polysyndeton (opposite of asyndeton) the deliberate use of many conjunctions for special emphasis – to highlight quantity or mass of detail or to create a flowing continuous sentence pattern; it slows the pace of the sentence.
78. repetition the use, more than once, of any element of language – a sound, a word, a phrase, a clause, or a sentence
79. rhetorical shift a change from one tone, attitude
80. sarcasm a type of irony in which a person appears to be praising something but is actually insulting it.
81. simile a comparison between two unlike thing using words such as “as,” “like,” “than,” or “resembles.”
82. situational irony an event occurs that directly contrasts the expectations of the characters, the reader, or the audience.
83. soliloquy a speech delivered by a character when he or she is alone on stage
84. style a writer’s distinctive mode of expression
85. suspense a feeling of curiosity or uncertainty about the outcome of events in a literary work
86. syllogism a formula for presenting an argument logically
87. symbol anything that stands for or represents something else
88. synecdoche a form of metaphor in which a part of something is used to stand for the whole thing
89. syntax the physical arrangement of words in a sentence
90. theme a central message or insight into life revealed throughout the literary work
91. third person narrator the narrator reveals the thoughts and feelings of only one character
92. tone the writer’s attitude toward his/her audience and subject
93. tongue-in-cheek characterized by insincerity, irony, whimsy. If you say something tongue-in-cheek, what you have said is humorous, perhaps sarcastic, although at face value it appears to be serious.
94. understatement saying less than is actually meant, generally in an ironic way.
95. verbal irony the type of irony in which words are used to suggest the opposite of what is meant
Created by: alyssa2697
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