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General Psychology s
exam study
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Author of the book | laura A king |
| psychology is | the use of systematic methods to observe the natural world, including human behavior & to draw conclusions. |
| Mental Process | Thoughts, feelings & motives that each of us experiences privately but that cannot be observed directly |
| The goals of Psychology | to describe, Predict, Explain, to change |
| Characteristics of a psychologist | Self-Awareness approachable Educated Effective Listener |
| Principle of natural selection (darwin's) | An evolutionary process in which organisms that are best adapted to their environment will survive & produce offspring. |
| Wilhelm Wundt | Founded the 1st Psychology lab at the university of leipzig |
| william james | Created an approach for the psychology known as functionalism also James wrote considerably on the concept of pragmatism. pragmatism, the truth of an idea can never be proven. |
| Historical Approaches in Psychology | Behavioral approach behavior through observation humanistic approach Communicative approach that focuses on the whole learner, starts with the individual then expands to group and includes music, art and physical activity. Psychodynamic approach positve |
| Contemporary Approaches | Biological, Evolutionary, Behavioral, sociocultural, Psychodynamic, intergrative, humanistic, cognitive |
| Areas of specialization. | Clinical Psychology, Counseling Psy, Developmental Psy, School Psy, Educational Psy. |
| Areas of specialization. Cont | Forensic Psy, Industrial/Organizational Psy, health psy, social psy, Sports psy, Experimental psy.Neuro psy. |
| The Ethics code is a | (rules APA) American PSY Association |
| The Ethics code has its goals | set the welfare & protection of individuals |
| Scientific Method | A specific strategy used to answer questions & resolve Problems |
| Steps of scientific Method | Observing some Phenomenon, Formulating Hypothesis, Testing thru emprical research, draw conclusion, evaluating the theory |
| Hypothesis | An educated guess a prediction |
| Theory | broad idea that attempts to explain observations & to make predictions about future observations. |
| Operational | Objective description if how a variable is going to be measured & observed in a particular study Example - Survey, Ask, Questions |
| Scientific Research | Careful, systematic, patient investigation under taken to discover or establish facts & relationships. |
| Types of Psychological Research Designs | Descriptive -what , how, how often it occurs Correlational relationship Ex smoking = Cancer Experimental - Cause & effect. |
| Experiment | carefully regulated procedure in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables |
| Independent Variable | Variable that the experimenter changes to see what the effects are |
| Dependent Variable | Variable that may change as a result of manipulations of the independent variable |
| Experimental Group | Group that will receives the drug or other treatment under study. |
| Population (Entire) | entire group about which the investigator wants to draw conclusions |
| Control group (comparison) | provides a comparison against which the researcher can test the effects. |
| sample | subset of population chosen by investigator for study |
| Random sample | one that gives every member an = chance of being selected |
| Convenience Sample | Volunteers availability researchers's access to participants. |
| Methods of collecting data | Observation , surveys or questionnaires, interviews, case studies , focus groups |
| statistics | descriptive, Inferential |
| descriptive statistics | mean, medium , mode , range , standard deviation. |
| Experimenter Bias | influence of the experimenter's expectations on the outcome of research |
| Participant Bias | Influence of the participant's expectations telling them what they wanna hear . |
| ethical research | informed consent - risk of study right to withdrawal from study Confidentiality- Non disclosure not be shared Debriefing - telling the participant the studies purpose and methods used . |
| Psychological Assessment | evaluation process that may include a clinical interview & more than one Psychological test |
| criteria for a good test | standardization , Validity , Reliability |
| Intelligence test uses | to identify people (children) with learning challenges / disabilities / gifted or mental illness.- to develop individual learning plans |
| Verbal | Standard- Binet scale |
| Non Verbal | timed progressive materics test |
| IQ Fomula | IQ = (MA/CA) x 100 |
| Mental Age | An individuals level of mental development relative to that of others |
| Alfred Binet | Developed 1st intelligence test |
| Personality test | to identify mental disorders / specific personality traits/ attitudes to develop treatment plans for job placement. |
| Objective Test (used most) | Directly ask people describe their personality traits the one offering info Example mmpi minnesota multiphasic personality inventory Meyer briggs type indicator 16 PF questionaire |
| Projective test | to describe (tell story) it tell about it to project their own meaning on to the stimulus |
| Projective test Examples | Rorsoach Ink block test what you see Thematic appreception test -story Sentence completion draw a picture |
Created by:
Abelham
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