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RADT1300 Lecture 2
In-class lecture material about fundamentals of radiography.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is matter? | Anything that has mass and takes of space (has volume). |
| What are molecules? | Atoms of same or different elements combine. |
| What atom model is best used for x-ray? | Bohr model: -electrons move in definite orbits around the nucleus -central dense but mostly empty space. |
| What is Rutherford's model of the atom? | -mostly empty space -small, positive nucleus -contained protons -negative electrons scattered around the outside |
| What is another name for "the electron cloud?" | The wave model. |
| What is the electron cloud (wave model)? | A spherical cloud of varying density that shows where an electron is more or less likely to be. |
| What are the basic components of an atom? | Protons, neutrons, and electrons. |
| What is the atomic structure of electrons? | -Tiny, very light particles. -Negative electrical charge (-). -Move around the outside of the nucleus in specific shells. -Limit to how many can be in each shell. |
| What is the atomic structure of protons? | -Much larger and heavier than electrons. -Positive charge (+). -Located in the nucleus of the atom. |
| What is the atomic structure of neutrons? | -Large and heavy like protons. -No electrical charge. -Located in the nucleus of an atom. |
| What is the structure of an atom? | -Nucleus: small, dense center that contains the necleons (protons and neutrons). -Electrons orbit the nucleus continuously. |
| What are electron shells? | Electrons that move around in specific shells. |
| How is the number of electrons moving around the electron shells determined? | Number of protons in the shell. |
| What are the two ways electron shells are labeled? | K,L,M,N,O,P,Q and 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 |
| What is the closest shell? | K-shell or 1. |
| What formula is used to determine the maximum number of electrons that can occupy a given shell? | 2(n)^2; n= the shell or principal quantum number. Example: K=2(1)^2=2 |
| What is electron binding energy (Eb)? | The amount of energy needed to remove the electron from the shell. Describes how tightly e-'s are held in place. |
| What shell has the tightest/highest binding energy? | K-shell. |
| What is an electron volt (eV)? | The unit used to measure the binding energy of an electron. THE ENERGY ONE ELECTRON WILL HAVE WHEN IT IS ACCELERATE BY AN ELECTRIC POTENTIAL OF ONE VOLT. |
| What is energy? | Ability to do work. |
| What is potential energy? | Energy that matter stores because of it's position or location. |
| How is energy measured? | Joule. |
| What is radiation? | When energy is emitted and transferred through matter. |
| What is Einstein's theory about energy? | Mass and energy have the same equivalence E=mc2 C=speed of light so there is a there is a really really huge amount of energy bound up in every material thing. |
| What is liberated matter? | Energy waiting to happen. |
| Will there be MORE or LESS potential energy the further away electrons are from the nucleus? | MORE. |
| TRUE or FALSE? Changes in potential energy can occur in steps of various amounts moving the electrons to a fixed location. | FALSE. Changes in potential energy can only occur in steps of a fixed amount, moving the electrons to a fixed location. |
| TRUE or FALSE? An electron cannot exist between the fixed locations. | TRUE. |
| TRUE or FALSE? The amount of energy = to the difference in the binding energy between the two shells. | TRUE. |
| TRUE or FALSE? Bound particles always have a positive energy. | FALSE. Bound particles always have negative energy. |
| What is an ion? | An atom that carries an electrical charge. If the atom loses electrons, the atom becomes positively charged. If the atom gains electrons, the atom becomes negatively charged. |
| TRUE or FALSE? The number of protons and neutrons changes in an ion. | FALSE. The number of protons and neutrons do not change in an ion. |
| What is ionizing radiation? | The process of removing an electron from it's shell. |
| What is the atomic mass number (A)? | Equal to the number of protons plus neutrons. |
| Where is the atomic mass number written? | Above and to the left of the chemical symbol. |
| What is the atomic mass number (Z)? | Number of protons. Always smaller than the mass number. |
| What are isotopes? | Two atoms with different numbers of neutrons. The number of protons for a given atom never changes. The number of neutrons can change. |
| What is half life? | Time required to transform half the atoms of original element into final element. Depends on radioisotopes. |
| What are radioisotopes? | Unstable isotopes and radioactive decay. |
| What are some examples of ionizing radiation? | X-rays, gamma rays. |
| What are the two forms of particulate radiation? | Alpha and beta. |
| What are Alpha particles? | Form of particulate radiation that is very large compared to other types of radiation. Not very penetrating and can be stopped by paper. |
| What are Beta particles? | Form of particulate radiation that is more penetrating than alpha but less than gamma or x-ray. Encountered in NM. |
| What two types of radiation penetrates many kinds of tissue? | X-ray and gamma. |
| What are the three components of natural environmental radiation? | Cosmic, terrestrial, and internally deposited radionuclides (potassium in body). |
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cccxray2013
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