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LM Neuropsyc
Neuroanatomy Lecture One
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the Central Nervous System made up of? | The brain and the spinal cord |
| What two things is the brain made up of? | The cerebral cortex and subcortical structres |
| The spinal cor is housed in what? | The spinal column |
| Sensory information enters the CNS via the __________ portion of the spinal cord. Motor commands exit the CNS via the ventral portion of the spinal cord. | Dorsal. Ventral |
| Name the layers that protect the brain from outer layer to inner layer | Skull --> Dura mater --> Arachnoid Membrane --> Pia Mater (Meninges) |
| Name the three Meninges that come after/deep to the skull in order | Dura Mater --> Arachnoid Membrane --> Pia Mater |
| Which Meninge is a tough layer after the skull? | Dura mater |
| What meninge is encased in the dura mater? And what does it contain? | Arachnoid membrane. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
| What meninge adheres closely to the brain surface? | Pia mater |
| Which meninge is really soft? | Pia mater |
| Draw the layers of protection of the brain | ... |
| What does the CSF between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater do? | Its softens any blows to the brain if you hit your head |
| Terms of orientation above the midbrain (reptile): anterior: _________ posterior: _________ superior: __________ inferior: __________. Draw diagram to help | rostral, caudal, dorsal, ventral |
| Terms of orientation in humans when upright: anterior: ________ posterior: _________ superior: ________ inferior: _________ | ventral, dorsal, rostral, caudal |
| At what point in the human brain do the terms of orientation change/shift? | The midbrain-diencephalic junction |
| What term for slices of the brain goes vertically from side to side? | Coronal |
| What term for slices of the brain goes vertically from front to back? | Sagittal |
| There are two types of cells of the brain. What are they? | Nerve cells (neurons) and glial cells |
| Nerve cells can also be called __________ and are ___________ units | neurons, signaling |
| Glial cells can also be called __________ and are ___________ cells | neuroglia, supportive |
| What brain cell do we have more of? | Glial cells |
| Nerve cells (neurons) vary in a___________ across different brain regions e.g. hippocampal neuron, cortical neuron | appearance |
| Whats is the function of nerve cells? | To communicate via electrical and chemical signals |
| What is the structure of nerve cells? | Has a cell body/soma, dendrites, axon and presynaptic terminals |
| What structure of nerve cells is this? 'metabolic centre of the neuron' | Cell body/soma |
| What structure of the nerve cell is this? 'tubular process extending up to 1 meter; the main conducting unit of the neuron' | Axon |
| What structure of the nerve cell is this? ' treelike processes that receive input (postsynaptic) | Dendrites |
| What structure of the nerve cell is this? 'fine branches at the end of the axon; transmit information to other neurons' | Presynaptic terminals |
| Neural communication: Receive info at __________ in a chemical form via neurotransmitters. The info is sent down the ____ and is sent neurochemically to other neurons through the __________ end. | dendrites, axon, presynaptic |
| Neural communication: The axon of the ___synaptic cell transmits info to the dendrites of the ____synaptic cell. The info flows across a _______ cleft (a small gap separating the pre- and post-synaptic neurons) | pre, post, synaptic |
| A synapse consists of what three things? then draw | 1. a pre-synaptic ending that contains neurotransmitters. 2. a post-synaptic ending that contains receptor sites for neurotransmitters and 3. a synaptic cleft or space between the preynaptic and postsynaptic endings. |
| Draw diagram for neural communication | .... |
| White matters are? | axons |
| Grey matter are? | cell bodies |
| In neural communication, neurotransmitters are spilled out into the ____________ _______ | synaptic cleft |
| Brain cells depend on an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients through a dense network of blood vessels | .. |
| Blood is supplied to the brain via two major sets of vessels. What are they called? there are two of each type | Carotid arteries and Vertebral arteries |
| What do the Carotid arteries supply blood to? | the anterior cerebrum |
| The two vertebral arteries join to form the basilar artery and is sometimes referred as the vertebrobasilar artery | ... |
| The vertebrobasilar artery supplys the ? | Posterior cerebrum, part of the cerebellem and the brains stem |
| Vertebral arteries --> _______ artery --> ___________ _________ arteries | basilar, posterior cerebral arteries |
| Carotid Arteries --> _____ ______ arteries --> _______ _______ arteries | middle cerebral, anterior cerebral |
| Draw diagrams of each artery | ..... |
| Major function that you lose if you stop blood flow to the posterior portion (vertebral arteries) is what? | Vision |
| Vertebral arteries come together as one artery and go into the _____ | pons |
| The Carotid arteries are in front or behind the Vertebral arteries? | in front |
| What divides the cerebral cortex into two hemispheres? | The longitudinal fissure (deep sulcus) |
| What are the four lobes that the cerebral cortex are divided into? | Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal. |
| The cerebral cortex has _____ (ridges) and _____ (fissures) | gyri, sulci |
| What is the name of the main fibre tract connecting the two cerebral hemispheres? | Corpus Collosum |
| What shape is the Corpus Collosum? | C shape |
| Where is the Insula Cortex? | Inside the Lateral Sulcus. Its revealed when you remove the cortex around the lateral sulcus |
| The Insular Cortex is important for language function | ... |
| Where is the Cerebellum attached to? | The dorsal aspect of the brainstem |
| The Corpus Collosum allows the hemisphere to communicate along axons | ... |
| What are the two main subcortical structures? | Thalamus and Basal Ganglia |
| Study and draw out the gyri and sulci | .. |
| In the CC, the genu is at the Frontal or Dorsal end ? And which end is the splenium at? | Frontal, Dorsal |
| The Thalamus is a ____________ structure. Each hemisphere contains a thalamus, attached at the top of the ____________ | subcortical, brainstem |
| What cortex is revealed after removing the cortex that is around the lateral sulcus? | The Insula cortex |
| What structure has to be removed to see the thalamus at a posterior view? | The Cerebullum |
| The Basal Ganglia is made up of what three parts? | The Caudate Nucleus, Putamen and Globus Pallidus |
| The Caudate Nucleus is a long __ shape. As you remove more of what lobe you see more of this __ shape | C, temporal, C |
| You see what part of the basal ganglia as the coronal cut moves back and less of what other parts of the basal ganglia? | More of the Globus Pallidus and less of the caudate nucleus and the putamen. |
| What is the brainstem made up of? | The midbrain which has superior and inferior colliculi, the pons and the medulla |
| What sits at the top of the brain stem? | The thalamus |
| The brain stem contains life-supporting structures for breathing so it is hard to find patient with damage as they usually die. | ... |
| What structure has to be removed to see a posterior view of the brain stem? | The cerebullum |
| The Ventricular system consists of inter-connected cavities filled with what? | Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
| What are the four major divisions of the ventricular system? | Lateral ventricles, IIIrd ventricle, Cerebral Aqueduct, IVth ventricle |
| What ventricle(s) are also deep C structures? | The lateral ventricles. And they are large |
| What is the anterior portion of the lateral ventricles called? | The Anterior Horn |
| What is the posterior portion of the lateral ventricles called? | The Posterior Horn |
| The fourth ventricle is between what two structures? | The pons and the cerebullum |
| The inferior colliculi on the brain stem (midbrain) is important for what function? | Audition |
| The superior colliculi on the brain stem (midbrain) is important for what function? | Visuomotor functions |
| Inputs and outputs are crossed... | ... |
| In terms of functions of the cortical lobes, the Frontal lobe contains what and where is this situated? | The primary motor cortex which is in the precentral gyrus |
| In terms of functions of the cortical lobes, the Parietal Lobe contains what and where is this situated? | The primary somatosensory cortex, which is in the postcentral gyrus |
| In terms of the functions of the cortical lobe, the Occipital Lobe contains what? | The primary visual cortex |
| In terms of the functions of the cortical lobes, the Temporal Lobe contains what? | The primary auditory cortex |
| The primary motor cortex OUTPUTS _______ commands and contains what kinds of neurons? | motor, motor |
| The motor neurons' axons extend down the ________ _____ and synapse on neurons that innervate your muscles | spinal cord |
| The motor cortex is located ________ to the central sulcus and within the __________ ________. and is also called the ________ _______ | anterior, precentral gyrus, motor strip |
| The primary Somatosensory Cortex RECEIVES INPUT about somatosensation (which is relayed though the ______________) | thalamus |
| The primary somatosensory cortex is located ___________ to the central sulcus and within the ________ _________ and is also called the _________ __________ | posterior, postcentral gyrus, sensory strip |
| The somatosensory cortex is sometimes referred to as the Homunculus = little man | .... |
| The organisation of the motor and the sensory strip are more or less an upside down man. The lips and tongue are large as we talk a lot and because they respond more to stimulation | ... |
| The primary visual cortex receives inputs (relayed through the __________) and is located primarily on the MEDIAL surface of the ______ lobe and buried within the ____________ fissure and it also called the ________ cortex | thalamus, occipital, calcarine fissure, striate cortex |
| The primary auditory cortex receives auditory inputs (relayed through the _____________) and is located in the _______ part of the __________ lobe and buried within the __________ sulcus and is also called the _________ gyri | thalamus, superior, temporal, lateral, Heschl's gyri |
| The association cortex?? | ?? |
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alicemcc33
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