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PSYCH TEST - social
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is an attitude? | A judgment a person makes about other people, an object, a group, event or issue |
| What are the 3 components of an attitude making up tri-component? | The affective, behavioural and cognitive components |
| What is the affective component? | The emotional element of an attitude - how you feel - i feel happy and comfortable when i eat chocolate |
| What is the behavioural component? | The action element of an attitude - what you do or dont do - i eat chocolate |
| What is the cognitive component? | The mental element & thoughts of an attitude - how you think - I know that chocolate is bad for me and i shouldn't eat it so much |
| How good are attitudes at predicting behaviour? | attitudes form only one determinant of behaviour how we act in a particular situation will depend on the immediate consequences of our behaviour, how we think others will evaluate our actions, and habitual ways of behaving in those kinds of situations |
| What is prejudice? | A dislike, hostility or unjust behaviour formed on a thought, opinion - not from actual experience. |
| What is discrimination? | The unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things. Actions etc |
| What is a stereotype? | A widely held but fixed and simplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing |
| What is modern & old prejudice? | Modern is less confronting and although still present it is not as loud and common as Old prejudice which is more confronting, acceptable and known by the public. |
| What are the factors reducing prejudice? | inter-group contact, sustained contact, contact hypothesis, mutual interdependance, equality, cognitive interventions and super-ordinate goals |
| What is inter-group contact? | For prejudice between two groups to be reduced, an increase in direct contact between groups must occur |
| What is sustained contact? | The more time you spend with someone, the less likely you are to hold a prejudice view of someone |
| What is contact hypothesis? | 'Prejudice is a negative pre-judgment about a person, and frequent contact may provide knowledge or information about the person which can change the original judgment |
| What is mutual interdependance? | When 2 groups are being somehow dependent upon one another prejudice will reduce |
| What is Equality? | 2 Groups must have equality of status for prejudice to be reduced - equality is being seen or treated equally - status is level of prestige or power assign. to a group |
| What is cognitive interventions? | Action of teaching people about the way they think about prejudice with hope that it can be reduced |
| What are super-ordinate goals? | The belief that when the co-operation of 2 people is required to complete a task with the same importance to both people and cannot be completed along - prejudice will be reduced |
| Briefly explain sherif experiment | An experiment where 2 groups of boys were split apart and conditioned to first - promote co-operation then to second - form prejudice towards the rival group - then to reduce the previously formed prejudice through tasks which they needed to work together |
| What is a scatterplot and what does it measure? | It is a graph showing the relationship between two variables in a correlational study - the changes in the 'Y" variable on the vertical axis are therefore thought to depend on changes in the X variable |
| How do you measure the strength of a correlation coefficient? | The closer the coefficient is to 0, the weaker the correlation, and the closer the coefficient is to 1, the stronger the correlation. |
| What the correlation coefficient | a statistic that describes both the direction and strength of a correlation with a single number |
| What qualifies as a positive correlation? | +1.0 - 0 is the range of a positive correlation ~ +1.0-+0.7 would qualify as a perfect from +0.7 to +0.2 would be strong and +0.2-+0 would be weak- the scatterplot would increase from left to right |
| What qualifies as a negative correlation? | -1.0 - 0 is the range of a negative correlation - 0- -0.2 would be weak and -0.2 - -0.7 would be strong and -0.7- -1.0 would be perfect - the scatterplot would increase from right to left (opposite positive) |
| What is social influence? | How people are influenced socially - by peers and those around them |
| What is power? | A person’s ability to influence or control the thoughts, feelings or behaviour of another person or group –a principle of a school has more power/power over the students |
| What is status? | the relative social, professional, or other standing of someone or something - where you stand in a peer group |
| What are peer groups? | A group made up of people with similar interests, who do the same sort of things and associate or interact with one another on similar terms – Galen, class, sports, friendships, family |
| What is peer pressure? | social influence from peers that leads people to behave in ways they might not behave when alone, can be real or imagined – Being pressured by your friends to go to a party you don’t really want to go to, drug and alcohol use etc. |
| What is risk taking behaviour? | Any activity that has potentially negative consequences either psychologically or physically – can be negative or positive - cliff diving etc. |
| What are the different types of power? | Coercive, Expert, Informational, Legitimate, Referent and Reward power |
| What is Coercive power? | When a person has the ability to make peace and administer punishments – teacher giving detentions for lateness |
| What is Expert power? | The perception that a person has specialist knowledge or expertise – Accepting a doctor’s opinion because of qualifications |
| What is Informational power? | The perception that the person or agency has information that is useful and cannot be found out elsewhere - Going to hardware store and person working has power over you because they have the info |
| What is Legitimate power? | An individual has the right to prescribe behaviour for another – Parent over children |
| What is Referent power? | When a person might idolize or try to identify with a person who is perceived to have power – A popular person at school |
| What is Reward power? | : The ability to give positive or remove negative consequences in response to certain behaviours – Parents and children |
| What does a rating scale involve? | A scale where you rate a given statement in accordance to a suitable number with ones opinion |
| What does a Questionnaire involve? | a set of items in the form of questions or statements that elicit responses from participants - can be fixed or free response |
| What does observation of behaviour involve? | In this study the behaviour of targeted individuals may be observed - mystery shoppers observing employees |
| What does a likert scale involve? | A set of statements with a numerical rating scale to indicate strength of agreement from ‘strongly agree’ to ‘strongly disagree’ used to measure attitudes |
| What was the first half of the Procedure of Albert Banduras BOBO experiment? | Preschool kids - 3 groups all shown BOBO doll being abused by adult - 3 diff scenarios - one group saw adult being praised & rewarded, another group saw adult being spanked and punished and the last group saw no consequence. |
| What were the children then to do after watching the BOBO film? | Each child was then placed individ' in a room with toys & the BOBO doll- some offered rewards for imitating film behaviour, others were not - Boys found to be more agressive than girls |
| What is obedience and how is it different from conformity? | a type of compliance whereby the individual complies with a demand, rather than a request whereas conformity refers to any behaviour that is motivated by pressure from other members of a group meaning |
| How is conformity affected by group size? | Conforming when a lesser group size and the opposite when a larger group size. |
| How is conformity affected by culture? | Depending on whether you are an individualist or collectivist culture will depend on how one conforms. |
| How is conformity affected by normative? | Conforming because of the social influence of others such as what they expect and what everyone else is doing around you. |
| How is conformity affected by Informational? | Conforming to someone because of how much information the person actually has and how true it is. |
| Define and explain pro-social behaviour | Any behaviour that is performed with the intention of helping someone else eg. Helping mum with jobs around the house |
| Define and explain anti-social behaviour | Behaviour that is intended to damage interpersonal relationships or is culturally undesirable. |
| What are the factors that affect pro-social behaviour? | The bystander effect and intervention, mood, empathy, competence, social responsibility norm and reciprocity principle |
| What is the bystander effect? | The more people that are present in an emergency, the less likely people are to help |
| What is the bystander intervention? | A witness getting involved in a situation |
| What is mood? | : The temporary situation-specific emotional state. A good mood means you are more likely to help, whereas a bad mood means you are less likely to help. |
| What is empathy? | The ability to understand and experience situations and emotions form another person’s perspective. |
| What is competence? | Feeling adequately qualified physically and intellectually. |
| What is social responsibility norm? | We should help those who are worse off than us. |
| What is the reciprocity principle? | Golden Rule: “do unto others as you would have them do unto you.” The tendency to help others that have helped us, or to help others if we believe they will help us |
| What factors influence anti-social behaviour? | audience inhibition, diffusion of responsibility, social influence, cost benefit analysis |
| What is audience inhibition? | Reluctance to help when surrounded by a lot of people, due to fear of embarrassment by trying to help someone who doesn’t actually need it. |
| What is diffusion of responsibility? | The more people present, the less likely we are to help. |
| What is Cost-Benefit analysis? | An individual weighting up the personal and social costs of helping against the benefits or rewards for helping. COST=Effort, time, actual harm. BENEFIT=Money, social approval, gratitude |
| What is altuism | Unselfish concern for the welfare of others meaning pro-social acts of others that are performed with no thought to self. |
| Define agression | Any behaviour that is deliberate and is intended to harm another person or object. |
| What are the 4 main approaches to agression? | Ethological, Biological, Psychodynamic and Social Learning |
| Explain the Ethological approach | All living creatures have the tendency towards aggression. For aggression to occur a releaser or environmental influence is needed to trigger the aggression. |
| Explain the Biological approach | The interaction with our brain and nervous system between our behaviour. |
| Explain the Psychodynamic approach | Our unconscious wishes and desires explain our behaviour |
| Explain the Social Learning approach | Based on what we learn by modeling our behaviour. |
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